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Phisiology |\ 341 |\Midterm |\WCU |\questions |\with |\
answers
Lipds |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-water |\insoluble -if |\high |\in |\blood, |\causes |\cardiovascular |\disease -if |\low, |\causes |\infertility, |\no |\bile |\production -steroids -triglycerides -phospholipds Steroid |(lipid) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-cholesterol; |\needed |\for |
plasma |\membrane |\and |\production |\of |\steroid |\hormones Triglycerides |(lipid) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-saturated, |\cause |\of |
cardiovascular |\disease -unsaturated, |\good |\fats, |\stored |\in |\body |\for |\energy Phospholipid |(lipid) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔makes |\up |\the |
membrane |\of |\every |\organelle -includes |\a |\head |\and |\a |\tail -head |\is |\hydrophilic, |\water |\loving -tail |\is |\hydrophobic, |\water |\hating
Allosteric |\Activator |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔modulator |\that |\binds |\to |\protein |\away |\from |\binding |\site |\and |\turns |\it |\on Proteolytic |\Activation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Protein |\is |\inactive |
until |\peptide |\fragments |\are |\removed Enzyme |\substrate |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔substance |\that |\binds |\to |
the |\enzyme |\and |\needs |\to |\be |\converted |\into |\something |\new |\via |\the |\reaction Enzymes |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-all |\enzymes |\are |\made |\up |\of |
proteins -function |\as |\catalyst; |\speed |\up |\reactions -in |\absence |\of |\enzymes, |\reactions |\will |\take |\hours Effector |(negative |\feedback) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-receives |
signals |\from |\control |\center -takes |\necessary |\actions |\and |\brings |\the |\imbalance |\back |\to |\normal Control |\Center |(negative |\feedback) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- receives |\information |\from |\sensor -compares |\information |\from |\set |\point
Carbonic |\Acid |\Bicarbonate |\System |(high |\pH) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔CO2 |+H2O |> |\H2CO3 |> |\H+ |+ |\HCO3- Buffer |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\substance |\that |\minimizes |\pH |
change |\of |\that |\solution |\when |\acid/base |\is |\added |\to |\it pH |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-concentration |\of |\free |\H |\ions |\in |\a |
solution -pH |\and |\hydrogen |\concentration |\are |\inversely |\proportional Acidic |\pH |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔donates |\H+ |\ions |\to |\solution |
H2CO3 |\Carbonic |\Acid Basic |\pH |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔binds |\with |\H+ |\ions |\from |\solution HCO3, |\bicarbonate Nucleic |\Acid |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-building |\blocks |\are |
neuclotides -Adenine, |\thymine, |\uracil, |\guanine, |\cytosine DNA |\vs |\RNA DNA |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-deoxyribosenucleic |\acid -two |\strands
-gene |\regulation -on |\and |\off
- |\base |\code |\for |\traits -blue |\print -hydrogen |\bonds -thymine RNA |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-ribonucleic |\acid
- |\one |\strand
- |\starts |\on |\nucleus
- |\delivers |\message -transfers |\message
- |\makes |\protein Protein |\Complex |\Primary |\structure |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Polypeptide |\chain Protein |\Complex |\Secondary |\Structure |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- Alpha |\helix, |\polypeptide |\with |\right-handed |\spiral -Beta |\pleated |\sheet- |\ 2 |\polypeptides |\linked
Carbohydrates |(sugars) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-monosaccharides -disaccharides -oligosaccharide -polysaccharides monosaccharides |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-simplest |\form |\of |\sugar -i.e. |\glucose, |\galactose, |\fructose, |\ribose, |\deoxyribose disaccharides |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-two |\monosaccharides |\linked |\together -i.e. |\sucrose: |\one |\glucose |\and |\one |\fructose oligosachcharides |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔few |\monosaccharides |
linked |(100s) polysaccharides |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔complex |\carbohydrates |
(1000s) -i.e. |\glucogen |(stored |\in |\liver |\and |\muscle) -i.e. |\starch |(stored |\in |\plants) Catabolism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔break |\down |\macromolecules |\to |\monomer
Anabolism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔uses |\monomer |\to |\make |
proteins ATP |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔direct |\form |\of |\energy Co-enzymes |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔picks |\up |\indirect |\form |\of |
energy |(NAD, |\FAD) |\and |\drops |\it |\off |\at |\the |\bank |(electrons |\and |
hydrogen |\are |\the |\energy) Potential |\energy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔stored |\energy Kinetic |\energy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔energy |\in |\motion Glycolisis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-occurs |\in |\cytoplasm
- |\ 2 |\NADH+H
- |\ 2 |\ATP -2 |\molecules |\of |\pyruvate Intermediate |\Step |(after |\glycolisis) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-occurs |
in |\mitochondria - |\ 2 |\CO
- |\ 2 |\NADH+H
- |\pyruvate |\is |\converted |\into |\acetylcoa
High |\Concentration |\of |\ADP |\and |\Pi |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ATP |
Synthase NADH+H |(to |\complex |\1) |& |\FADH2 |(to |\complex |\2) |\donate |\their |
electrons |\to |\their |\appropriate |\complexes |\and |\the |\hydrogens |\to |\the |
matrix |> |\become |\NAD |& |\FAD |\again |(go |\pick |\up |\electrons |\again) |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ETC |\First |\Step Electrons |\move |\from |\the |\starting |\complex |(1,2) |\to |\the |\next |\and |\as |
they |\do, |\their |\energy |\causes |\the |\gates |\of |\the |\protein |\channel |\to |
open |\up |> |\this |\allows |\ 2 |\H+ |\to |\be |\transported |\from |\matrix |\into |\the |
intermembrane |\space. |\As |\the |\H+ |\travel |\through |\the |\protein |
complex, |\they |\bounce |\off |\each |\other |\creating |\potential |\energy |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ETC |\Second |\Step Electrons |\keep |\on |\jumping |\from |\one |\complex |\to |\the |\next |\until |\they |\reach |\complex |\4, |\and |\in |\doing |\so |\they |\always |\cause |\the |\protein |
channels |\to |\open |\up |\and |\transport |\2H+ |\into |\the |\inner |\membrane |
space |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ETC |\Thirst |\Step Once |\elecctrons |\reach |\complex |\4, |\they |\combine |\with |\half |\Oxygen |
and |\ 2 |\H+ |\forming |\ 1 |\molecule |\of |\water, |\this |\is |\why |\O2 |\is |\called |\the |
final |\electron |\accceptor |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ETC |\Fourth |\step The |\H+ |\pairs |\that |\we |\transported |\into |\the |\inner |\membrane |\space |
move |\down |\the |\ATP |\Synthase |\and |\re-enter |\the |\matrix
-NADH+H |\transported |\ 3 |\pairs |\of |\H+ -FADH2 |\transported |\ 2 |\pairs |\of |\H+ |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ETC |\Fifth |\step While |\the |\H+ |\are |\moving |\down |\the |\ATP |\Synthase, |\they |\give |\their |
potential |\energy |\to |\ATP |\Synthase ATP |\Synthase |\is |\now |\able |\to |\combine |\ADP |\and |\Pi |\forming |\ 1 |\ATP |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ETC |\Sixth |\Step How |\many |\ATP |\and |\water |\molecules |\are |\produced |\from |\one |
molecule |\of |\NADH+H |\and |\FADH2? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\ 1 |
NADH+H |= |\ 3 |\ATP |\and |\ 1 |\H2O -1 |\FADH2 |= |\ 2 |\ATP |\and |\ 1 |\H In |\presence |\of |\oxygen, |\pyruvate |\enters |\mitochondria |\and |\starts |
intermediate |\step |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Aerobic |\metabolism In |\absence |\of |\oxygen, |\pyruvate |\starts |\in |\cytoplasm |\and |\becomes |
lactic |\acid |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Anaerobic |\metabolism Gluconeogenesis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔producing |\glucose |\from |
non-carbohydrate |\sources |(fats/amino |\acids)
- |\Identifies |\the |\starting |\point |\of |\a |\gene -TATA |\Box Gene |\terminator |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-Identifies |\the |\end |\of |\a |
gene -GGGGG Promoter |\activity |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-promoter |\is |\inactive/silent |\when |\the |\body |\does |\not |\require |\that |\protein - |\promoter |\must |\be |\activated |\when |\it's |\time |\to |\produce |\that |
protein -activated |\by |\transcriptional |\factors |(hormones) 1st |\step |\of |\Transcription |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Promoter |
Activation -when |\body |\releases |\transcriptional |\factors |\they |\will |\activate |
prometer 2nd |\step |\of |\Transcription |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Enzyme |\entry |
and |\binding -attracts |\enzyme |\and |\binds |\to |\promoter
3rd |\step |\of |\Transcription |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Production |\of |
mRNA |(immature)
- |\enzyme |\unwinds |\gene |\and |\puts |\complimentary |\nucleotide |\to |\each |\until |\it |\reaches |\terminator -mRNA |\is |\created |(immature) 4th |\step |\of |\Transcription |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Release |\of |\mRNA |
(immature) -when |\it |\reaches |\terminator |\RNA |\polymerase |\gets |\degraded |\as |\well |\as |\transcriptional |\factors 5th |\step |\of |\Transcription |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Editing |\process |\of |\mRNA |(immature) -process |\that |\matures |\mRNA - |\splisosomes |(enzymes) |\remove |\introns -adds |\cap |\and |\tail -Cap |\is |\Methyl |\group -Tail |\is |\Poly |"A" |\Tail 6th |\step |\of |\Transcription- |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Release |\of |
mature |\mRNA -mature |\mRNA |\leaves |\the |\nucleus |\and |\enters |\the |\cytoplasm -Transcription |\is |\complete
anticodon |\arm |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔contains |\nucleotides |\which |
are |\complimentary |\to |\the |\codon; |\allows |\the |\tRNA |\to |\bind |\mRNA amino |\acid |\arm |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔contains |\the |\amino |\acid |
(which |\is |\represented |\by |\the |\codon) Translation |\Initiation |(1) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Everything |\comes |
together -mRNA -rRNA -tRNA Translation |\Elongation |(2) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Polypeptide |
chain |\gets |\longer -ribosomes |\modes |\down |\the |\mRNA -As |\ribosome |\moves |\amino |\acids |\are |\added |\to |\the |\polypeptide |
chain Translation |\Termination |(3) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Translation |
ends -ribosomal |\encounters |\stop |\codon -everything |\breaks |\apart |\and |\goes |\into |\separate |\ways |
-polypeptide |\chain |\enters |\the |\rough |\ER
Transport |\Systems |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-Passive |\Transport -Active |\Transport -Endocytosis/Exocitosis Passive |\transport |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔solute |\moves |\from |\an |
area |\of |\high |[solute] |\into |\an |\area |\of |\low |[solute] Non-gated |\channels/Leaky |\channels |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔used |
for |\water Gated |\channels |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔channels |\have |\doors |\that |
only |\open |\during |\transportation -used |\for |\ions Ligand |\gated |\channels |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔channel |\that |\has |\a |
receptor |\to |\which |\the |"ligand" |\must |\bind |\to |\for |\the |\gate |\toopen |\up Voltage |\gated |\channels |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔potential |\must |
reach |\a |\specific |\value |\for |\channels |\to |\open |\up Lipid |\diffusion |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔used |\by |\substances |\that |\are |\lipid |\soluble |(usually |\gases)
-Potassium |\goes |\in Secondary |\Active |\Transport |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-active |
transport |\that |\uses |\indirect |\form |\of |\energy(not |\ATP) -first |\molecules |\moves |\down |\its |\concentration |\gradient(high |\to |\low) |
and |\collects |\energy |\to |\transport |\the |\second |\molecule |\against |\its |
concentration |\gradient |(from |\low |\to |\high) Endocytosis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Vesicles |\transport |\material |\into |\the |\cell Exocytosis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Vesicles |\transport |\material |\out |
of |\the |\cell Total |\Body |\Water |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-Intercellular |\Fluid -Extracellular |\Fluid Intercellular |\Fluid |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-Fluid |\inside |\the |\cell -high |\concentration |\of |\potassium Extracellular |\fluid |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-fluid |\outside |\the |\cell -high |\concentration |\of |\sodium -interstitial |\fluid |(fluid |\between |\cells)
-plasma |(fluid |\within |\blood |\vessels) Neural |\Tissue |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-Neurons; |\communication -Neuroglial |\cells; |\supporting |\tissue Myelin |\Sheath |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-produced |\by |
oligodendrocytes |(PNS) |\and |\Schwann |\cells |(CNS) -a |\fatty |\substance |\that |\covers |\axons -speeds |\up |\transmission |\of |\electrical |\signal |\via |\enabling |\saltatory |
conduction Neurotransmitters |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Chemical |\Signals Electrical |\signal |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Action |\potentials -on |\neurons -axon |\hillock>axon |\body>axon |\terminal Neurons |\convert |\chemical |\signals |\into |\electrical |\signals |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔chemical |\signal>electrical |\signal>chemical |\signal Chemical |\signals |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-between |\neurons -axon |\terminal>synaptic |\cleft>dendrites/cell |\body
