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important questions with answer
Typology: Exercises
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Q.1 State Raoult’s law. What do you understand by ideal and real solution? Answer: RAOULT’S LAW
- “The partial pressure of each component in a solution is directly proportional to the vapour pressure of the corresponding pure substance and that the proportionality constant is the mole fraction of the component in the liquid.” - For a binary solution having volatile components A and B: PA^0 α PA and PB^0 α PB Then, PA^0 = PAXA and PB^0 = PBXB where, PA^0 = partial pressure of A, PB^0 = partial pressure of B PA= vapour pressure of A, PB=vapour pressure of B XA= mole fraction of A, XB= mole fraction of B IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS Ideal solutions Definition: solution which obeys Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration and temperature and during the formation of which no change in enthalpy and no change in volume takes place. Non-ideal solutions Definition: The solutions which do not obey Raoult’s law and are accompanied by change in enthalpy and change in volume during their formation are called non-ideal solutions. Solutions with positive deviations Solutions with negative deviations A …… B interactions are similar to A …… A and B …… B interactions A …… B interactions are smaller than A …… A and B …… B interactions A …… B interactions are greater than A …… A and B …… B interactions PA^0 = PAXA and PB^0 = PBXB. PA^0 > PAXA and PB^0 >PBXB. PA^0 < PAXA and PB^0 < PBXB. Hsolution = 0 Hsolution> 0 Hsolution< 0 Vmixing = 0 Vmixing> 0 Vmixing< 0 Do not form azeotrope form minimum boiling point azeotrope form maximum boiling azeotrope Examples: Chlorobenzene and bromobenzene, Benzene and toluene Examples: ethanol and water, methanol and water Examples: acetic acid and pyridine, HCl and water Q.2 Explain ideal solubility parameters. What are its applications, advantages and limitations? Answer: IDEAL SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS:
2). SI unit- J1/2m-3/2^ i.e. equivalent to Pa1/
Q.4 Differentiate between crystalline solid and amorphous solid. Answer: Q.5 What do you understand by polymorphism? Write its importance in pharmacy. Answer: Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of solid materials to exist in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements or conformations of the constituents in the crystal lattice.
solibilization.
HLB value Use Example 1 - 3 Antifoaming Agent Oleic Acid 4 - 6 Emulsifying Agent W/O Span 80 7 - 8 Emulsifying Agent W/O; Wetting and Spreading Agents Span 20 9 - 12 Emulsifying Agent O/W; Wetting and Spreading Agents Methyl Cellulose 13 - 15 Emulsifying Agents O/W ; Detergents Tween 16 Emulsifying Agent O/W; Detergents, Solubilizing Agents Tween 17 - 20 Solubilizing Agents Sodium oleate 40 Everything Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (Tide) UNIT-IV Q.1Define complexation. Describe metal complexes and organic molecular complexes. Answer: Complexation: I.METAL COMPLEXES:
Q.3 What are the different methods for studying complex formation? Discuss in detail the solubility method to determine the formation of a complex and its stability constant. Answer: DIFFERENT METHODS FOR STUDYING COMPLEX FORMATION:
Q.4 How the binding of drugs to proteins can influence their action? Deduce an equation for Scatchard plot for drug- protein interaction. Answer: Binding of drugs to proteins can influence: