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Infant Reflexes
Reflexes that emerge before birth - Observed and integrated within 1st year May reoccur with brain injury Important for survival, posture/alignment of the head w/ the body
- Rooting reflex
- Suck swallow reflex
- Traction reflex
- Moro reflex
- Plantar grasp reflex
- Galant reflex
- Palmar grasp reflex
- ATNR
- TLR Rooting Reflex - onset: 28 weeks gestation integration: 3 months importance: to search and find food Suck Swallow Reflex - onset: 28 weeks gestation integration: 2-5 months importance: eating food/ingestion for nourishment Traction Reflex - Onset: 28 weeks gestation Integration: 2-5 months Test: pull baby up by forearms and pull-to-sit Response: head lag, flexion of UE, reflexive grasp Importance: enhances reflexive grasp to prep for voluntary grasp
Moro Reflex - aka startle reflex Onset: 28 weeks gestation Integration: 4-6 months Importance: protective response/alarm system Test: Rapidly drop head backwards Plantar Grasp - Onset: 28 weeks Integration: 9 months Importance: increases tactile input to foot to prep for standing (walking, running, balance) Test: apply pressure to the ball of the foot and you'll see toes curling in flexion If plantar grasp is retained - you will see hypersensitivity to touch and/or gravitational insecurity Galant Reflex - Onset: 32 weeks gestation Integration: 2 months Test: Hold infant in prone suspension, gently scratch or tap alongside the spine with finger, from shoulders to buttocks Response: Lateral trunk flexion and wrinkling of the skin on the stimulated side Importance: Facilitates lateral trunk movements necessary for trunk stabilization Palmar Grasp Reflex - Onset: 37 weeks Integration: 4-6 months Importance: tactile stimulation on palms Test: apply pressure to palm Reaction: reflexive grasp w/finger flexion If the palmar grasp is retained - you will see poor FM coordination, grasp/release, hand manipulation
Integration: 8-12 months *UB+LB always doing the opposite of each other Importance: pre-cursor to crawling Testing (2 positions): crawling position, flex or extend head If STNR is retained - -difficulty sitting up from a lying position b/c it requires neck flexion and the retained hip/leg extension gets in the way -poor muscle tone and posture Landau Reflex - Onset age: 3-4 months Integration age: 12-24 months Stimulus: Hold infant in horizontal prone suspension. Response: Complete extension of head, trunk, and extremities. Importance: Breaks up flexor tone; facilitates prone extension for postural development Righting Reactions - Onset: 3 months Integration: 6 months Importance: restoring normal position of the head in space to assume a position; maintain alignment, initiate rolling in babies Neck righting and body righting Neck Righting - log rolling of entire body to maintain alignment test: in supine, rotate head to 1 side response: log roll in direction of head durn Body Righting - test: flex the hip and knee towards chest
response: segmental rolling of the upper trunk and spine *more mature form of rolling Lifetime reflexes that persist - 1) Optical head righting
- Labyrinthine righting
- Downward parachute
- Forward parachute
- Sideward parachute
- Backward parachute
- Prone tilting
- Supine tilting
- Quadruped tilting
- Standing tilting Optical Head Righting - Onset: birth-->2 months Importance: orients the head in space Test: hold baby suspended vertically-->slowly tilt off center (side to side, back to front) Response: upright positioning of the head **mediated by the visual system Labyrinthine Head Righting - Onset: birth-->2 months Importance: orient the head in space Test: same as optical head but you cover the eyes **mediated by the vestibular system Protective Reactions - -downward parachute
Response: spine will curve on the raised side, both arms and legs will extend and abduct Importance: maintain equilibrium w/o arm support, and have the ability to make postural adjustments
