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Physic 1 formula sheet, Cheat Sheet of Physics

Formula sheet with measurements, kinematics, pressure, energy, work and power, dynamics, mass, weight and denisty.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2021/2022

Uploaded on 02/07/2022

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‘O’ Level Physics Formula Sheet
1
Measurements
Base SI Units
Kg
m
s
A
K
mol
SI Unit for mass: Kilogram
SI Unit for length: metre
SI Unit for time: second
SI Unit for current: Ampere
SI Unit for Temperature: Kelvin
SI Unit for Amount of substance: molar
Number Prefix
n (10-9)
µ (10-6)
m (10-3)
c (10-2)
d (10-1)
K (103)
M (10
6
)
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci
Kilo
Mega
Kinematics
Average Speed
s = ∆d / t
Average Velocity
v = x/∆t
Acceleration
a = v/∆t
∆d = total distance travelled (area under
speed-time graph)
x = total displacement
∆t = total time taken
v = change in velocity
Velocity (slope of displacement-time graph)
Acceleration (slope of velocity-time graph)
v = u + at
x = ut + ½ at2
v2 = u2 + 2ax
vfree fall =
2𝑔ℎ
u= initial velocity
v = final velocity
t = time
a = acceleration
x = displacement
h = height
g = gravitational constant = 9.81 m/s2
Dynamics
Newton’s First Law
𝐹
= 0 at equilibrium
A body continues to stay in its state
of rest or uniform motion in a
straight line as long as there is no
net force/moment acting on the
body.
Newton’s Second Law
F= ma
The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.
Newton’s Third Law
For every force object A acts
on object B, object B will exert an
equal and opposite
force on object A giving rise to
Reaction/Normal Forces
Resolving forces
Fhorizontal = Fr cos Ө
F
vertical
= F
r
sin Ө
Mass, Weight, Density
Weight
w = mg
w = Weight
m = mass
g = gravitational field strength
Density
ρ=
m
V
ρ = density
m = mass
V = volume
Turning effect of Force
Moment of Force
M = F d
M = Moment
F = force
d = distance from force to pivot
Principle of Moment
Σ Anticlockwise Moment
= Σ Clockwise Moment
For a body in rotational
equilibrium,
Sum of ACW Moment = sum of
CW Moment
Pressure
𝐏=
F
A
P = Pressure
F = Force over area, A
A = Area
Pressure of liquid
column
P = hρg
P = Pressure
ρ = density,
h = height of liquid column
g = gravitational field strength.
Work Done
W = Fd
W = work done
F= force
d= distance in direction of force
Power
P = W/t = Fv
Work done per unit time, t
Kinetic Energy
𝐄𝐤=
1
2mv2
E
k
= Kinetic Energy
m = mass
v = velocity
Gravitational Potential
Energy
Ep = mgh
g = gravity =9.81 m/s
h = height
m = mass
Conservation of Energy
E1 = E2
E
1
= Total Energy Before
E2 = Total Energy After
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed. It can only be
transformed or converted into other
forms.
Ideal Gas Law
PV ∞ T
P1V1 = P2V2
P = pressure of fixed mass of gas
V = volume occupies by fixed mass
of gas
T = Temperature of gas
Subscript 1 = initial state
Subscript 2 = final state
Specific Heat Capacity
E = m c ∆T
c = Specific heat capacity (Energy
required to raise the temperature of
1kg of the object by 1 °C)
m = mass
T = change in temperature.
Latent Heat
For melting,
E = m Lfusion
For boiling,
E = m Lvaporization
L
fusion
= latent heat of fusion (Energy
required to change 1kg of solid to
liquid at the constant temp)
Lvaporization = latent heat of
vaporization (Energy required to
change 1kg of liquid to gas at the
constant temp)
m = mass
Wave Velocity
v = f λ
v = velocity of a wave
f = frequency
λ = wavelength
Wave frequency
f =
1
T
T = Period
f = frequency
F
horizontal
F
vertical Fr
Ө
pf2

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‘O’ Level Physics Formula Sheet

Measurements

Base SI Units Kg m s A K mol

SI Unit for mass: Kilogram SI Unit for length: metre SI Unit for time: second SI Unit for current: Ampere SI Unit for Temperature: Kelvin SI Unit for Amount of substance: molar

Number Prefix n (10 -9) μ (10 -6) m (10 -3) c (10 -2) d (10 -1) K (10 3 ) M (10 6 )

nano micro milli centi deci Kilo Mega

Kinematics

Average Speed s = ∆d / ∆t

Average Velocity v = ∆x/∆t Acceleration a =v /∆t

∆d = total distance travelled (area under speed-time graph) ∆x = total displacement ∆t = total time taken ∆ v = change in velocity Velocity (slope of displacement-time graph) Acceleration (slope of velocity-time graph)

v = u + at x = ut + ½ at 2 v^2 = u 2 + 2ax

vfree fall = � 2 𝑔ℎ

u = initial velocity v = final velocity t = time a = acceleration x = displacement h = height g = gravitational constant = 9.81 m/s 2

Dynamics

Newton’s First Law ∑ (^) 𝐹⃑ = 0 at equilibrium

A body continues to stay in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line as long as there is no net force/moment acting on the body. Newton’s Second Law F= ma

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Newton’s Third Law For every force object A acts on object B, object B will exert an equal and opposite force on object A giving rise to Reaction/Normal Forces Resolving forces F (^) horizontal = F (^) r cos Ө

F (^) vertical = Fr sin Ө

Mass, Weight, Density

Weight w = mg

w = Weight m = mass g = gravitational field strength Density

ρ =

m V

ρ = density m = mass V = volume

Turning effect of Force

Moment of Force M = F d

M = Moment F = force d = ⊥ distance from force to pivot

Principle of Moment Σ Anticlockwise Moment = Σ Clockwise Moment

For a body in rotational equilibrium, Sum of ACW Moment = sum of CW Moment

Pressure

Pressure

𝐏 =

F

A

P = Pressure F = Force over area, A A = Area Pressure of liquid column P = hρg

P = Pressure ρ = density, h = height of liquid column g = gravitational field strength.

Energy, Work and Power

Work Done W = Fd

W = work done F= force d= distance in direction of force Power P = W/t = Fv

Work done per unit time, t

Kinetic Energy

𝐄𝐤 =

mv^2

E (^) k = Kinetic Energy m = mass v = velocity Gravitational Potential Energy Ep = mgh

g = gravity =9.8 1 m/s h = height m = mass Conservation of Energy E 1 = E (^2)

E 1 = Total Energy Before E 2 = Total Energy After Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transformed or converted into other forms.

Kinetic Model of Matter

Ideal Gas Law PV ∞ T

P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2

P = pressure of fixed mass of gas V = volume occupies by fixed mass of gas T = Temperature of gas Subscript 1 = initial state Subscript 2 = final state

Thermal Properties of Matter

Specific Heat Capacity E = m c ∆T

c = Specific heat capacity (Energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of the object by 1 °C) m = mass ∆T = change in temperature. Latent Heat For melting, E = m L (^) fusion

For boiling, E = m L (^) vaporization

Lfusion = latent heat of fusion (Energy required to change 1kg of solid to liquid at the constant temp) L (^) vaporization = latent heat of vaporization (Energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at the constant temp) m = mass

General Wave Properties

Wave Velocity v = f λ

v = velocity of a wave f = frequency λ = wavelength Wave frequency f =

1 T

T = Period f = frequency

F (^) horizontal

F (^) vertical F^ r

Ө

‘O’ Level Physics Formula Sheet

Light

Law of Reflection Өi =^ Өr

Өi = angle of incidence Өr = angle of reflection Snell’s Law (refraction)

n 1 Sin Өi = n2Sin Өr

Өi = angle of incidence Өr = angle of refraction

Critical angle

sin 𝚯𝐜 =

n 2 n 1

(special case of Snell’s law where Өr = 90°)

Refractive Index

𝐧 =

c v

(n of air ≈ 1)

c = speed of light in vacuum. v = speed of light in medium Higher reflective index of a medium means light travel slower in the medium Magnification

𝐌 =

hi ho

di do

M = magnification h = height d = distance from lens Subscript i = image Subscript o = object

Current of Electricity

Current I = Q / ∆t

Current = rate of flow of charges Q = Charge t=time Ohm’s Law Resistance R = V / I

V = voltage, R = resistance I = current

Resistance of a wire R = ρL/A

ρ = resistivity L = length of wire A = cross sectional area

D.C. Circuits

Kirchoff’s 1 st^ Law

� Iin = � Iout

Conservation of charges. ∑ (^) Iin = Sum of current going into a junction ∑ Iout = Sum of current going out of a junction Kirchoff’s 2nd^ Law

� V = E. M. F

∑ (^) V = Sum of potential difference V across all components in a circuit E.M.F = Voltage supplied by the power supply. Resistance in Series

Rtotal = R 1 + R 2 + R (^3)

Resistance in Parallel

1

Rtotal

R 1

R 2

R 3

Practical Electricity

Electric Power

P = VI = V 2 /R = I^

2 R

P = Power V = voltage R = resistance I = current Electrical Energy E = Pt = (VI)t

E = energy output P = power t = time V = voltage I = current

Electromagnetism

Transformer Vp Vs

Np Ns (ideal transformer) V (^) P I (^) P = V (^) sI (^) s

V = voltage N = number of coils I = current Subscript p = primary coil Subscript s = secondary coil Right hand grip

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

Өi Өr

Normal

Өr

Өi

Normal n 1 = refractive index 1

n 2 = refractive index 2

Өc

Normal n 1 = refractive index 1

n 2 = refractive index 2

R 1 R 2 R (^3)

I

R (^3)

R (^2)

R (^1)

V