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A mark scheme for assessing students' understanding of phobias, focusing on the behavioral approach and systematic desensitisation as a treatment. It includes questions with specific AO requirements and marking bands.
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2 marks for a clear and coherent outline of flooding including all three bullet points. 1 mark for an outline that only includes one or two bullet points. Content:
Please note that the AOs for the new AQA Specification (Sept 2015 onwards) have changed. Under the new Specification the following system of AOs applies:
where the initial association (between the phobic object / situation and fear) is formed (1), which suggests that alternative explanations are needed (1). Accept limitations based on the methodology of individual studies eg Little Albert, but for full marks, these should be made relevant to discussion of the explanation.
Please note that the AOs for the new AQA Specification (Sept 2015 onwards) have changed. Under the new Specification the following system of AOs applies:
(a) [AO2 = 4] 1 mark each for applied description of the following aspects of systematic desensitisation: relaxation, hierarchy development, gradual exposure. Plus 1 further mark for some elaboration of any of the three aspects. Content:
Main techniques are: firstly, teach deep muscle or progressive relaxation. Then the therapist and client construct an anxiety hierarchy, starting with situations that cause a small amount of fear – in Hamish’s case this might be standing on a small stepladder – then listing situations that cause more fear, with the most frightening situation being at the top of the hierarchy, such as standing on top of a mountain. Finally, they work through this list, with the client remaining relaxed at each stage. The two main features are relaxation and working through the anxiety hierarchy. 6 marks Effective explanation Effective explanation of the main stages of systematic de-sensitisation demonstrating sound knowledge of the therapy as applied to fear of heights. 5 – 4 marks Reasonable explanation Reasonable explanation of the main stages of systematic de-sensitisation applied to fear of heights. 3 – 2 marks Basic explanation Basic explanation of systematic de-sensitisation with some attempt to apply to fear of heights. 1 mark Very brief/flawed of inappropriate Rudimentary, muddled explanation of systematic de-sensitisation demonstrating very limited knowledge 0 marks No creditworthy material.
Marks for this question: AO1 = 6, AO3 = 10 Level Marks Description 4 13 – 16 Knowledge is accurate and generally well detailed. Discussion / evaluation / application is thorough and effective. The answer is clear, coherent and focused. Specialist terminology is used effectively. Minor detail and / or expansion of argument sometimes lacking. 3 9 – 12 Knowledge is evident. There are occasional inaccuracies. Discussion / evaluation / application is apparent and mostly effective. The answer is mostly clear and organised. Specialist terminology is mostly used effectively. Lacks focus in places. 2 5 – 8 Some knowledge is present. Focus is mainly on description. Any discussion / evaluation / application is only partly effective. The answer lacks clarity, accuracy and organisation in places. Specialist terminology is used inappropriately on occasions.
Knowledge is limited. Discussion / evaluation / application is limited, poorly focused or absent. The answer as a whole lacks clarity, has many inaccuracies and is poorly organised. Specialist terminology either absent or inappropriately used. 0 No relevant content. Please note that although the content for this mark scheme remains the same, on most mark schemes for the new AQA Specification (Sept 2015 onwards) content appears as a bulleted list AO Remember not to credit information given in the quote The emphasis of the behavioural approach is on the environment and how the behaviour is acquired, through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. For marks in the top two bands, the focus must be on explaining psychological abnormality, rather than on behaviour in general. AO Discussion can include strengths; such as it has provided some convincing explanations for some disorders such as phobias and has also led to some very successful therapies (systematic desensitization). The weaknesses are that it ignores the role of biology and there is plenty of evidence to support a genetic transmission of some disorders. Studies (eg “Little Albert”) can be used as commentary.