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Philosphy 101 study guide for final exam, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Philosophy

This is my study guide with answers.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2023/2024

Available from 12/02/2024

Nick21gg
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Loyola | Spring 2024 | Final Exam Study Guide
PHIL 181 Ethics | Place/Time:
181-***Please come to the exam prepared to write out your answers with a pen or pencil on
loose leaf
paper. You are responsible for bringing your own writing implements and your own paper.***
The final exam will consist of four short-answer questions. There is a minimum word count of
250
words per response, each of which must answer the question completely, comprehensively, and
in
detail.
The content of the exam will relate to the following topics. Studying these should include
reviewing
class notes and revisiting prior texts, as well as reviewing lecture recordings if you wish. You
should be
prepared to say at least 250 words about each of these topics.
1. What’s Good? (covering material from Part I of the course)
The definition of the good and its relation to politics (Aristotle)
Aristotle believes that good as it relates to politics means that whatever you do, it has to be for
the betterment of the community.
The definition of Enlightenment and the difference between public and private reason (Kant)
Public Reason is when a public official has to explain what they are doing and why, for
example, our congress should explain why they are implementing a law and how it will
affect us. Private reason is when a private citizen has to do something such as pay their
taxes. The definition of Enlightenment is a movement that brought up new ideas about
government and religion in the 18th century.
The separation of morality from biology (Engels/Darwin)
This is the discussion that morality and biology are separate yet somewhat intertwined.
An example of this is that just because something is moral, such as making food for us
to eat out of fish, does not mean that it is biologically correct. This is because nature
does not want us to kill a random species because it is morally right to us.
2. Harmonious Coexistence Challenge (covering material from Part II of the course)
The “problem of speaking for others” and its relationship both to social location and to the
problem of reductionism (Alcoff)
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Loyola | Spring 2024 | Final Exam Study Guide PHIL 181 Ethics | Place/Time: 181-Please come to the exam prepared to write out your answers with a pen or pencil on loose leaf paper. You are responsible for bringing your own writing implements and your own paper. The final exam will consist of four short-answer questions. There is a minimum word count of 250 words per response, each of which must answer the question completely, comprehensively, and in detail. The content of the exam will relate to the following topics. Studying these should include reviewing class notes and revisiting prior texts, as well as reviewing lecture recordings if you wish. You should be prepared to say at least 250 words about each of these topics.

  1. What’s Good? (covering material from Part I of the course) The definition of the good and its relation to politics (Aristotle) Aristotle believes that good as it relates to politics means that whatever you do, it has to be for the betterment of the community. The definition of Enlightenment and the difference between public and private reason (Kant) Public Reason is when a public official has to explain what they are doing and why, for example, our congress should explain why they are implementing a law and how it will affect us. Private reason is when a private citizen has to do something such as pay their taxes. The definition of Enlightenment is a movement that brought up new ideas about government and religion in the 18th century. The separation of morality from biology (Engels/Darwin) This is the discussion that morality and biology are separate yet somewhat intertwined. An example of this is that just because something is moral, such as making food for us to eat out of fish, does not mean that it is biologically correct. This is because nature does not want us to kill a random species because it is morally right to us.
  2. Harmonious Coexistence Challenge (covering material from Part II of the course) The “problem of speaking for others” and its relationship both to social location and to the problem of reductionism (Alcoff)

Alcoff says that it is bad to speak for others in most cases unless you are well-versed in the material. The problem as it pertains to reductionism is that you may reduce a particular group of people to feel more oppressed. As it pertains to social location it impacts the way that the message gets across due to the variation of the speakers race, religion, etc. The two ideas of peace and the two ideas of proximity (Levinas) This one I am not to sure about…

  1. The Pain of Others (covering material from Part III of the course) The relationship between the “structure of address” and the problem of moral authority (Butler) The structure of an address is how our discussions form our social norms and what we accept on a daily basis, the moral authority is who/ what race and or gender of people get to make these norms. The relationship between this is that the moral authority makes the structure of address. Sontag’s critique of passivity (see esp. Pages 79-80 of “Regarding the Pain of Others”) Sontag argues that being passive to these cultural and societal norms harms people and contributes to their pain. Additionally, she argues that instead of being passive, you should be active and help to change these norms to make the community one that is more accepting and inclusive for all types of people.
  2. Agency and Nature (covering material from Part IV of the course) The problem of responsibility for the climate crisis in terms of capitalism and species-being (Chakrabarty) Chakrabarty emphasizes that the climate crisis has two main contributors, Capitalism, and Species-being. Species-being is just a culmination of all of the species of organisms on earth and how they affect the planet's ongoing climate crisis. The capitalist point is that our species is exploiting natural materials that are releasing fossil fuels that are contributing to the climate crisis. The problem of inequality in anthropology (Graeber and Wengrow) The problem of inequality in anthropology is that it is said that we were prehistorically hunter-gatherers. However Graeber and Wengrow argue that we chose to live in these