Download Philosophy of Education - Lecture Notes | EDUC 2100 and more Study notes History of Education in PDF only on Docsity!
Philosophy of Education 01/31/
Philosophies that are different from our own can be useful Our minds can be opened and our thinking can be stretched. -Branches of Philosophy: Metaphysics = Reality Epistemology = Knowledge Axiology = Values -Ontology and cosmology deal with the study of metaphysics and the nature of reality -Epistemology focuses on the study of knowledge. How we come to know things -Axiology attempts to consider morality and beauty. Ethics – Ideas and beliefs that are valued by a society in a moral sense Aesthetics – Societies place value on things they consider to be beautiful -The Socratic Method: Teaching through inquiry A way to interact with students Dialogues that aid students as they discover and clarify knowledge -Wisdom was a characteristic valued by Plato’s utopian society. -Realism suggests the objects we sense exist independently in the mind. Aristotle Believed that truth could be known through the physical world.
Believed that knowledge is gained through direct experiences in the physical world Plato Believed that truth could be known through ideas -Having students evaluate themselves in their learning is one of the hallmarks of humanistic instruction. -Self-fulfillment is the principle aim of education for humanists. -Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes that the physical universe has no meaning apart from human experience. -Perrenialism looks backward through history and forward in future to shape understanding -The aim of Marxism is to change the material conditions of society so everyone shares equally.
- Behaviorism is sometimes called an empty organism theory because behaviorists concern themselves with an organism’s reaction to the environment, not the organism itself.
- Cognitivism is the philosophy based on the belief that people actively construct their knowledge through experiences -Pragmatists define truth and meaning of ideas according to their physical consequences and practical value -John Dewy believed that if people were educated pragmatically, they would be prepared for life. -Social reconstructionists believed that people are responsible for both good and bad conditions -Scaffolding provides students with a conceptual framework. Philosophy education due valentines day. 12 pt font, double space, no longer than one page, personal narrative, “What are your beliefs regarding education? Role of student, teacher, parent/guardian
-Sending Native American children to off-reservation boarding schools separated them from their families. Their cultures were also destroyed -As the number of immigrants increased after the Civil War, assimilation was promoted by the government -The abolishment of slavery and the establishment of the Freedman’s Bureau were instituted by the 13th, 14th, and 15th^ amendments -The Freedman’s Bureau Secured legal rights for freed slaves Created educational opportunities -The Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896 ruled public institutions could segregate on the basis of race as long as the quality of education is the same in both groups -In 1954 the case Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka the supreme court ruled that segregation of students by race is unconstitutional
Education in America: The Early Years 01/31/
-Comenius the Czech philosopher, believed that education should start before a child’s mind is corrupted, general concepts should be taught first and that instruction should be age appropriate -John Locke advocated that instruction should be tailored to individual children’s talents Locke believed that we are born as clean slates Current trends in education such as developmentally appropriate instruction, can be connected to Rousseau -Pestalozzi said, “always put a picture before the eye”, meaning to use concrete objects to represent the abstract. -Friedrich Froebel is known for starting the first kindergarten in 1837. The children in Frobel’s kindergarten learned through educational games and activities. He valued experiences that focused on play, music, and art. -Children were isolated from others in the southern colonies, therefore, they were taught at home. -Southern colonists believed that education is the responsibility of the family. Education was confined to reading, writing, and mathematics -Mid-Atlantic colonists were more religiously diverse than the southern settlers -Parochial schools were established by religious groups in the middle atlantic colonies -The new England colonies established town schools. -Every town of fifty households had to hire a teacher to teach while towns of one hundred households had to provide a grammar school -John Calvin children as primitive creatures that needed formal training -Our nation’s education has been influenced by geography in many ways:
How is Schooling Organized in the US 01/31/
-School Districts are useful in creating uniformity between different schools within a geographic location. -The number of students vary between school districts. -Perspectives on the purpose of schools vary depending on who you ask.. -It is hard to find middle school teachers that are certified in multiple teaching areas. -It is hard to attract and retain qualified staff for preschool -They make on average $11.50 per hour. Preschool programs are supported by both private and public groups -Guidelines for kindergarteners are not aligned with the policies and practices in all 50 states. -Junior high schools help students transition from elementary into high school -Magnet schools = public schools that focus on a particular academic, vocational, or specialty study. -As a public school, the enrollment is open to all, though based on the number of spaces available for students -Some schools use a lottery system for selecting students -Specialized schools such as those for the performing arts may require auditions -Magnet schools are intended to attract students based on its specialty -Vouchers = allow parents to send their children to a different public or private school ($ is transferred) -Charter schools = public schools organized under a charter established by parents, teachers, or other individuals to provide a particular educational experience. -Homeschooling = education provided to children in the home by the parent or caregiver -Private schools are independent tax exempt institutions governed by a board of trustees
-School climate – the characteristics of schools that relate to students’ perceptions of order and support -The principal is responsible for managing schools at the building level
Signed into law in January 2002. -Teachers can be certified as “highly qualified” by securing state certification and obtaining a teaching license. -Things to include in a teaching portfolio: -College transcri-pts -Teaching license -Letters of recommendation -Video and/or pictures of lessons taught -Student teaching involves: -Observing -Organizing activities for students -Teaching full time -Planning lessons -Reflecting on teaching -Assessing students
Richness of Classroom Cultures 01/31/
-Culture- all of the learned characteristics of a group of people -Social Customs, religion, beliefs, and language are all characteristics of one’s culture. -A group of individuals with common cultural traditions or a common national origin is known as ethnicity -Throughout the past century assimilation has been encouraged by schools. This is the process of educating and socializing a group to make it similar to the dominant culture Our immigrant students face the challenge of maintaining their native culture while trying to fit into another culture Often families speak their native language at home and follow traditions that might not be the same as the student experiences at school. Native belief systems and values may not always be the same as that of the school Over the years schools have added Translations Forms in Spanish Extended parent-teacher conferences To help connect parents to their child’s education Latino populations are one of the fastest growing immigrant groups
o Teaching Tolerance o Role Playing o Steps to Respect Teaching Multicultural education includes Assimilation Social Reform Cultural Pluralism Equal Educational Opportunity -IDEA – Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment INCLUSIVE EDUCATION= designed for all learners IEP= individualized education plan-legal binding document, to provide a child with the best and most fitting education possible -The best way to educated gifted and talented students is to provide special instruction, accelerate their curriculum, flex grouping and possibly skip a grade.
Curriculum 01/31/
-Curriculum is defined as the knowledge and skills that schools are supposed to help students master. -Conflicting ideas about the definition of curriculum is very likely to make curriculum decisions difficult or controversial -Explicit curriculum is the knowledge and skills that dominate the public view -Unofficial classroom routines and rituals, a teacher’s beliefs about a subject and classroom atmosphere are all examples of implicit curriculum -Another term for implicit curriculum is hidden curriculum. -Null curriculum can be best described by the definition: that which is not taught. -Compartmentalizing subject matter is a traditional teaching practice that is being challenged by educators who argue that it has little or not resemblance to life outside of school. -An integrated curriculum is one that combines concepts and skills from different subject areas so they are mutually reinforcing -Many forces shape the curriculum including: National interests, state testing programs, local priorities, mass media, educational publishing, professional groups, and public opinion -Character-building educators would most likely be publicly scrutinized by special interest groups because of the possible controversial content -“Back to the basics”, curriculum is one that encourages standardized curriculum.
When students engage in inquiry learning, they try to answer questions based on facts and observations -According to Jere Brophy (1996) a classroom management system is primarily designed to maximize student engagement
The Law 01/31/
What Legal principles affect public education? When disputes arise over educational practices, parties try to settle differences at the local level. Public school policies that advance or inhibit religion might be challenged based on the first amendment The Supreme Court ruled that the constitution does not prohibit the use of corporal punishment in schools. This was decided in the case of INGRAHM VS. WRIGHT. -Corporal punishment can be broadly defined as reasonable physical force used by school authorities to restrain unruly students. -Rothschild vs. Grottenhaler –ruled that a public school system receiving federal financial assistance is obligated to provide sign language interpreters for parents at district expense. The establishment clause in the U.S. Constitution prohibits favoritism of a particular religion. The passing of the Equal Access Act in 1984, indicated that secondary students were mature enough to understand that a school does not condone religion merely by allowing prayer clubs on public property. -Lee vs. Weisman(1982) – prayer at a high school graduation ceremony is unconstitutional -Due process of law- Students must have the opportunity to pled their case and parents must be notified of a suspension immediately School officials can search a student if he or she have reasonable cause to believe evidence will be found. Censoring of students’ freedom of expression can occur when material is o Contained in a school sponsored publication
-Teachers do have the freedom to assign controversial materials can. However, they must select materials that are relevant to the topic, are age appropriate and unlikely to cause disruption -The Supreme Court Case - Lau v. Nichols held that a school district receiving federal aid must provide special instruction for non English speaking students
