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Philosophical Ethics - Test Review | PHIL 102, Exams of Introduction to Philosophy

Material Type: Exam; Professor: Moore; Class: Intro to Philosophical Inquiry; Subject: Philosophy; University: Lander University; Term: Unknown 2009;

Typology: Exams

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/19/2009

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Phil. 102: Introduction to Philosophical Inquiry
Test 3: Philosophical Ethics
Summer, 2009 c
2009 GFDL
Reminder: All answers on this test must be your own work. See
the syllabus section “Policies” for further information. As the final
test in the course, points are deducted in accordance with the items
listed in the syllabus under the sections “Evaluation,” “Grades,”
and “Tests.” Be sure to review those sections before submitting
your test. Statistical programs are used on both objective and
essay question to verify academic honesty.
1 True–False Questions (60 points.)
Directions: Type out just the number of the following questions and state
whether or not the following statements are true or false. Do not copy the
questions themselves. If you wish to qualify your answer, you may do so, if you
feel that a question is misleading or ambiguous. (However, your qualification,
should not change the meaning of the question asked into a different question.)
1. In philosophical jargon, an event without a cause
and therefore without a causal explanation is defined as a “miracle.”
2. The belief that all events in the world have a
cause is called the theory of fatalism.
3. The presupposition that events are either caused
or not caused leads to Hume’s Fork.
4. From a logical point of view, if psychology could
explain all human behavior in causal terms, then human beings would
not have free will.
5. Neither the doctrine of fatalism nor the doctrine
of predestination allows for miracles.
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Phil. 102: Introduction to Philosophical Inquiry

Test 3: Philosophical Ethics

Summer, 2009 ©c2009 GFDL

Reminder : All answers on this test must be your own work. See the syllabus section “Policies” for further information. As the final test in the course, points are deducted in accordance with the items listed in the syllabus under the sections “Evaluation,” “Grades,” and “Tests.” Be sure to review those sections before submitting your test. Statistical programs are used on both objective and essay question to verify academic honesty.

1 True–False Questions (60 points.)

Directions: Type out just the number of the following questions and state whether or not the following statements are true or false. Do not copy the questions themselves. If you wish to qualify your answer, you may do so, if you feel that a question is misleading or ambiguous. (However, your qualification, should not change the meaning of the question asked into a different question.)

  1. In philosophical jargon, an event without a cause and therefore without a causal explanation is defined as a “miracle.”
  2. The belief that all events in the world have a cause is called the theory of fatalism.
  3. The presupposition that events are either caused or not caused leads to Hume’s Fork.
  4. From a logical point of view, if psychology could explain all human behavior in causal terms, then human beings would not have free will.
  5. Neither the doctrine of fatalism nor the doctrine of predestination allows for miracles.
  1. The view that all events are made to happen by God even though human beings might have free will is called the doctrine of predeterminism.
  2. The belief that events throughout eternity have been foreordained by a supernatural power in accordance with natural causes is called predeterminism.
  3. Scientific determinism is the philosophical belief that all events can be explained by a theory of a posteriori probability.
  4. Soft determinism is the philosophical point of view that all physical events are caused but no mental events are caused.
  5. Predeterminism is the religious point of view that God has a plan for everything and everybody, even though we cannot know in advance what that plan is.
  6. Fatalism is the philosophical point of view that all events in the world have been fixed in advance by God.
  7. The doctrine of predeterminism necessarily presup- poses that human beings do not have free will.
  8. According to a posteriori probability, if I flip a coin one hundred times, I will always obtain 50 heads and 50 tails.
  9. A priori probabilistic analysis of a fair coin toss presupposes that a coin has no sides and is perfectly homogeneous.
  10. The doctrine of free will is based on the assumption that all of our choices are uncaused.
  11. Plato believes that everyone is selfish and the only thing keeping people from doing harm to others is fear of punishment.
  12. According to Glaucon, if one is honest with oneself, then that person believes that acting unjustly is more likely to bring good to oneself than acting justly would if one can be sure that the unjust action could not be detected.
  13. Glaucon believes that the only reason persons obey the law in society is that it is the right or moral thing to do.
  14. From a philosophical point of view, the “Myth of the Ring of Gyges” proves the philosophy of psychological egoism is true.
  1. According to G.E. Moore, ethical decisions ought to be based on our conscience and our innate ability to tell the difference between right and wrong.
  2. G.E. Moore recognizes that different ethical sys- tems are appropriate for different societies because the study of anthro- pology must be recognized as a value-free science.
  3. Moore points out that in practice what most per- sons believe is right or good is what is actually right or good.
  4. Moore concludes that one and the same action can be both right and wrong, either at the time or at different times.
  5. Moore recognizes that the criterion distinguishing right actions from wrong actions is how we feel about the action in question.
  6. Psychological egoism is essentially an empirical generalization that all persons, regardless of circumstances and in all circumstances, pursue what they think to be their own good.
  7. From a philosophical point of view, all self-interested actions are ultimately selfish actions.
  8. If I act in my self-interest, then I am necessarily not acting in the interests of others.
  9. The linguistic refutation of ethical egoism relies on the insight that if all actions were selfish or self-interested, then calling someone “selfish” would just be claiming that the person acted.
  10. Nietzsche states that every higher type of society has practiced slavery in one form or another.
  11. Nietzsche argues that the function of society is to bring forth a higher type of man who is superior to the common person.
  12. In the end, Nietzsche believes that the democratic impulse of “the higher class of being” brings forth a healthy aristocracy wherein all persons create shared values.
  13. Nietzsche argues that every higher civilization has originated from a desire for power and the subjugation of the weak.
  14. Nietzsche believes that peace, equality, and justice lead to foundation of a well-formed and healthy society.
  1. For Nietzsche, the noble man creates his own ethics and values and rejects the values of sympathy and the good of others.
  2. Because slave-morality, for Nietzsche, is the moral- ity of humility, safety, and friendliness, he thinks it is inferior to master morality.
  3. Sartre argues that if people are to be completely free, then God cannot have pre-established their nature or essence.
  4. Sartre advises his student to join the Free French Forces rather than stay in Paris, since the student’s older brother had been killed in the German offensive.
  5. Dostoevsky wrote, “If God did not exist, every- thing would be permitted.”
  6. According to Sartre, part of the meaning of “de- spair” is that we cannot count on the hope that we will never be put in circumstances that we cannot deal with.
  7. According to Sartre, all human beings are born without a nature.
  8. Sartre argues that each person is the sole authority of his life and therefore cannot rightfully blame others for his condition.
  9. Sartre believes that persons who believe that they have no genuine choices in life are in self-deception or exhibit bad faith.
  10. Both Christian and atheistic existentialists think that the fact of man’s existence is established first, and then man deter- mines what his essence is to be.
  11. Not only is each person fully responsible for his own actions, according to Sartre, but also he is responsible for the actions of all persons.
  12. Existential anguish implies no experiences in life can prove to us what is the right thing to do.
  13. Sartre believes a person is wholly free except when a sweeping emotion leads that person to act.