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A set of questions and answers related to ethical theories, including consequentialist ethics, virtue ethics, deontological ethics, ethical egoism, and natural law ethics. It also includes rationales for each answer, providing further explanation and context. The document covers topics such as the focus of morality, the moral worth of actions, the role of empathy and compassion, and the importance of developing virtues and character traits. It is a useful resource for students studying ethics or anyone interested in learning more about ethical theories.
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Answer: c) Rawlsian justice theory. Rawlsian justice theory, developed by John Rawls, suggests that the fairness of the procedure used to reach an outcome is crucial in determining its moral worth. This theory emphasizes the principles of justice and fairness in society.
recognizes the existence of fundamental rights that individuals possess and should be safeguarded. These rights are considered to be universal and not subject to compromise for the sake of maximizing utility or cultural beliefs.
moral virtues? a) Ethical egoism b) Cultural relativism c) Virtue ethics d) Consequentialism Answer: c) Virtue ethics. Virtue ethics places emphasis on cultivating moral virtues such as empathy, compassion, and care for others. These virtues are considered central to leading an ethical life.
Rationale 2: Normative ethics aims to establish the criteria for determining the correctness of actions and behaviors. It deals with the formulation of moral standards and principles, making option c the most fitting choice. Question 3: Which ethical theory emphasizes the consequences of actions as the basis for determining their morality? a) Deontological ethics b) Virtue ethics c) Utilitarianism d) Existentialism Answer 3: c) Utilitarianism Rationale 3: Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that prioritizes the consequences of actions, aiming to maximize overall happiness and well-being. Therefore, option c aligns with the core principles of this ethical theory. Question 4: According to virtue ethics, what is the central focus of ethical inquiry? a) The consequences of actions b) The development of moral character c) The application of logical principles d) The analysis of historical texts
Answer 4: b) The development of moral character Rationale 4: Virtue ethics places emphasis on the development of moral character and the cultivation of virtuous traits in individuals, positioning option b as the most appropriate choice. Question 5: Which ethical theory prioritizes the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, regardless of their consequences? a) Utilitarianism b) Deontological ethics c) Egoism d) Relativism Answer 5: b) Deontological ethics Rationale 5: Deontological ethics focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions based on moral rules or duties, independent of their outcomes. Therefore, option b accurately reflects the core tenets of this ethical theory. Question 6: What is the fundamental principle behind Kantian ethics? a) The pursuit of pleasure and happiness
Question 8: In the context of ethical relativism, what does the term "cultural relativism" imply? a) The belief that all cultures share the same moral values b) The idea that ethical truths are relative to cultural norms c) The acceptance of universal moral principles d) The rejection of cultural diversity Answer 8: b) The idea that ethical truths are relative to cultural norms Rationale 8: Cultural relativism, within the framework of ethical relativism, asserts that ethical truths are contingent upon cultural norms and practices, making option b the most accurate representation of this concept. Question 9: Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of promoting the greatest good for the greatest number of people? a) Altruism b) Utilitarianism c) Egoism d) Deontological ethics Answer 9: b) Utilitarianism
Rationale 9: Utilitarianism prioritizes the maximization of overall well- being and happiness, making it synonymous with the promotion of the greatest good for the greatest number of people, thereby aligning with option b. Question 10: What ethical concept refers to the action of treating others with fairness and impartiality? a) Altruism b) Justice c) Benevolence d) Paternalism Answer 10: b) Justice Rationale 10: Justice involves the fair and impartial treatment of others, ensuring that individuals are given their due rights and entitlements, making option b the most reflective of this ethical concept. Question 11: Which ethical theory emphasizes the cultivation of virtuous traits and moral character in individuals? a) Deontological ethics b) Utilitarianism c) Virtue ethics d) Ethical egoism
a) The well-being of others b) The collective happiness of society c) Their own self-interest d) Universal moral principles Answer 13: c) Their own self-interest Rationale 13: Ethical egoism advocates for individuals to prioritize their own self-interest and well-being above all else, making option c the most aligned with the core tenets of this ethical theory. Question 14: What ethical concept refers to the act of engaging in behaviors that avoid causing harm to others? a) Benevolence b) Nonmaleficence c) Paternalism d) Prudence Answer 14: b) Nonmaleficence Rationale 14: Nonmaleficence involves the ethical principle of refraining from causing harm or injury to others, making option b the most reflective of this ethical concept.
Question 15: Which ethical theory emphasizes the duty-based approach to moral decision-making? a) Utilitarianism b) Virtue ethics c) Deontological ethics d) Ethical relativism Answer 15: c) Deontological ethics Rationale 15: Deontological ethics focuses on moral duties and obligations, prioritizing the adherence to ethical principles and rules, making option c the most appropriate representation of this ethical theory. C:
*b) It faces the dilemma posed by Plato's Euthyphro, which asks whether something is good because God commands it, or God commands it because it is good. c) It cannot account for the diversity and disagreement among different religions and cultures about what God's commands are. d) It implies that morality does not apply to God himself, and that he can act in any way he pleases without being subject to moral judgment. Rationale: Option b) identifies the classic problem for divine command theory, which challenges its ability to provide an adequate foundation for morality. Option a) is related to the problem, but not as directly as option b). Option c) is an empirical objection that divine command theorists can try to answer by appealing to revelation or authority. Option d) is a theological objection that divine command theorists can try to avoid by saying that God's nature is good or that he acts in accordance with his own commands.
dignity of every rational being. Rationale: Option c) states the core principle of utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based on their outcomes or consequences for all sentient beings. Option a) describes ethical egoism, which is a form of consequentialism that only considers one's own interests. Option b) describes rule utilitarianism, which is a variant of utilitarianism that indirectly applies the core principle via rules. Option d) describes Kantian ethics, which is a form of deontology that does not base morality on consequences.