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PHI 105 MSU Test 1 Exam Already Graded
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Ambiguity - correct answer a word, phrase, etc. that has more than one meaning and uncertainty as to which particular meaning it meant Fallacy - correct answer a failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. Vagueness - correct answer uncertainty or lack of clarity on any meaning at all. Worse than ambiguity. Factual vs verbal disputes - correct answer we often think that a dispute is factual (that someone disagrees with us as to what is the case) when it is really a verbal dispute, a disagreement or lack of clarity as to precisely what we mean. In other words, two people could have the same views but think that they disagree simply because they are being unclear as to exactly what they mean Informative Function - correct answer to inform or describe Directive Function - correct answer (commands) these can be rewritten as obligation statements Commands as obligations - correct answer well you should do.... Authority - correct answer the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience. Emotive Function - correct answer the use of language to elicit an emotional reaction. Denotation - correct answer what a thing is Connotation - correct answer The qualities it has
Euphemism - correct answer A euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or phrases that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear Law of Non-Contradiction - correct answer The Law of non-contradiction is one of the basic laws in classical logic. It states that something cannot be both true and not true at the same time when dealing with the same context. For example, the chair in my living room--right now--cannot be made of wood and not made of wood at the same time Fallacy of division - correct answer Something that is a characteristic of the group. Opposite of fallacy of composition Fallacy of composition - correct answer applying something characteristic of an individual member to the entire group Appeal to force - correct answer threatening with violence to get someone to agree with you. Illegitimate. Personal attack (Ad Hominum) - correct answer attacking the person rather than their position Tu Qouque ("you too") - correct answer an argument that points out that the other person engages in the same behavior, therefore their argument is invalid. Technically a fallacy, but often justifiably effective. Do as I say not as I do. Mob Appeal/Bandwagon Fallacy - correct answer assuming that popularity alone is sufficient reason to believe or do something Snob Appeal - correct answer assuming that exclusivity is enough to believe or do something. often used in advertising Stereotype - correct answer false and commonly made general claim about people. Note: this does not invalidate all general claims, especially those based on probability. etc. stereotypes rely on little/no empirical data and, especially in the form of negative stereotypes, fail to respect the dignity of the individual
Slippery Slope - correct answer a chain of causal claims in which one or more causal claim is false. also known as a wedge fallacy, because the effects are presumed to worsen Induction - correct answer Unlike deduction, we lose certainty but gain new information. Essentially, induction involves making observations and drawing conclusions. (Observations are finite so there is always a lack of total certainty) Toulmin Model for Induction - correct answer Toulmin model on blackboard. Only need to know data, claim, warrant. Data to claim. Link to claim is a warrant. Data - correct answer (also called the grounds for the claim): the information on which our claim is based Warrant (the key is that the warrant can vary and be quantitative, procedural, statutorial, etc.) - correct answer an inference license that justifies moving from the data/grounds to the claim. this is the key element that varies depending on what exactly we are talking about Claim - correct answer argument we are making/conclusion we are drawing Bullshit - correct answer Creating a manipulative story. Doesn't pay attention to the truth. Liar as concerned re: truth vs bullshitter - correct answer A bullshitter doesn't have a respect for the truth like a liar does. A liar has to remember the truth to avoid it. Personhood and Rationality - correct answer If you are rational you are in control and free which gives you your individual dignity. Mindfing - correct answer Kant. Manipulating a person through emotions and undermine reasons. Mindfing as assault - correct answer Is imoral. Personal attempt to undermine someones dignity and rationality.
Bernays - correct answer A founding father of advertising/public relations, especially in terms of using depth psychology insights. Believes that democratic beliefs about individuals are myths ( human nature is driven by irrational factors and modern industrial society makes an informed citizenry impossible, given all the demands in daily life) Freud - correct answer Father of psychoanalysis, known for theory of unconscious mind Curti- irrational to rational consumer - correct answer History professor, university of Wisconsin. Specialty: US social and intellectual history. Article thesis: the picture of human nature used by business and advertising shifted completely between the 1880's and 1950's and is squarely the result of the challenge of the modern picture of human nature given to us by psychology and then adopted by the advertising industry. Emotional appeal. Orwell - correct answer 1984 reading. Liberal democracy Winston - correct answer 1984 reading Syme - correct answer top people working on new speak Ministries of Love and Truth - correct answer Ministries of Love: serves as Oceania's interior ministry. It enforces loyalty to Big Brother through fear, buttressed through a massive apparatus of security and repression, as well as systematic brainwashing. Ministries of Truth: the propaganda ministry. As with the other Ministries in the novel, the Ministry of Truth is a misnomer and in reality serves the opposite of its purported namesake: it is responsible for any necessary falsification of historical events. In another sense, and in keeping with the concept of doublethink, the ministry is aptly named, in that it creates/manufactures "truth" in the Newspeak sense of the word. Oldspeak - correct answer normal English usage as opposed to technical or propagandist language, from George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (see newspeak). Newspeak - correct answer the fictional language in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, written by George Orwell. It is a controlled language created by the totalitarian state Oceania as a tool to limit freedom of thought, and concepts that pose a threat to the regime such as freedom, self-expression, individuality, and peace. Any form of thought alternative to the party's construct is classified as "thoughtcrime".
Community - correct answer Pre-industrial, rural small-scale, static Society - correct answer Industrial, urban, huge, dynamic (lots of mobility) Lippmann and Technocracy - correct answer Journalist, social critic. Democratic realist. Solution: Technocracy facilitated by journalists who transmit decisions to public. Public lives in an often "pseudo- environment" at odds with science and constructed by stereotypes. Key task of technocrats is manufacturing consent. Dewey and Civic Journalism - correct answer Democratic Idealist. Acknowledges Lippmann's diagnosis, but rejects technocratic solution. Dewey believed that people were by nature gregarious and that the prime task wasn't to get them together, but to get them together in a way that stimulated their interest in public issues (Dewey was opposed to mass culture- he believed it bred apathy) and helped them overcome cognitive limitations and exploitation by propagandists. Dewey thought that, eventually, technology could be part of the solution. Dewey: journalists are not simply transmitters, but also catalysts for igniting public debate and discussion. Partial solution to lack of community problem, at least in terms of the discussion of public policy. Idea of civic journalism. Quine - correct answer Basically, Quine's idea is that language is not a window through which we can perceive each others' thoughts or the world. Rather, language is an always imperfect tool of communication that (in the case of Radical Translation) relies on many unspoken assumptions and guesswork Radical Translation - correct answer RT is simply the toughest translation scenario one can imagine, one in which you encounter a language that has no possible connection in any way to any other known language Gavagai - correct answer Killer Gavagai. From Monty Python & the Holy Grail (1975). First, argues Quine, the anthropologist must rely on sentences tied to something specific and directly observable happening at that time Web of Belief - correct answer Book by Quine Occasion sentence - correct answer One stimuli
Observation sentence - correct answer Some stimuli Standing sentence - correct answer Not connected to anything going on around you Indeterminacy of Translation - correct answer Indeterminacy of translation refers to the inability to ever fully translate the meaning of a word from one language to another. While this refers mainly to translation between natural languages, it can also refer to individuals using the same language trying to understand one another's full meaning Davidson - correct answer Davidson isn't talking about relativism in the sense that you and I can have different likes or dislikes, but rather a full-blown conceptual relativism, wherein your worldview has nothing whatsoever in common with mine. Conceptual schemes - correct answer Principle of Charity - correct answer that the more we can posit that the other person is in agreement with us and assume that their sentences truthful (and we have to assume some agreement to get started at all), the better able we'll be to understand them Alien Translation scenario - correct answer Solomon Asch - correct answer Milgram Experiment (1961) - correct answer Experiment of obedience, person takes orders to "shock" someone for getting an answer wrong 1961- Trial of Adolf Eichmann and Hannah Arendt's "Banality of Evil" - correct answer Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil is a book by political theorist Hannah Arendt, originally published in 1963. Arendt, a Jew who fled Germany during Adolf Hitler's rise to power, reported on Adolf Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker. The work, according to Hugh Trevor-Roper, is deeply indebted to Raul Hilberg's The Destruction of the European Jews, so much so that Hilberg himself spoke of plagiarism.
