PHI 105 midterm study guide
reasoning by relations - correct answer x is to y as a is to b
x is R to y
it is therefore probable that a is R to b
reasoning by properties - correct answer x has A, B, C
y has A, B
it is therefore probable that y has C
induction by confirmation - correct answer if x then y
y
it is therefore probable that x is the case
statistical syllogism - correct answer z% of all x's are y
p is an x
there is a z% probability that p is a y
inductive generalization - correct answer z% of observed x's are y
it is probable that z% of all x's are y
sampling - correct answer a form of inductive reasoning in which observations of a portion of a group
are used to justify a conclusion about the whole group
disconfirming instance - correct answer an actual observation showing that an observation statement
is false
confirming instance - correct answer an actual observation showing that an observation statement is
true
