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PHI 105 midterm study guide,PHI 105 midterm study guide
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reasoning by relations - correct answer x is to y as a is to b x is R to y it is therefore probable that a is R to b reasoning by properties - correct answer x has A, B, C y has A, B it is therefore probable that y has C induction by confirmation - correct answer if x then y y it is therefore probable that x is the case statistical syllogism - correct answer z% of all x's are y p is an x there is a z% probability that p is a y inductive generalization - correct answer z% of observed x's are y it is probable that z% of all x's are y sampling - correct answer a form of inductive reasoning in which observations of a portion of a group are used to justify a conclusion about the whole group disconfirming instance - correct answer an actual observation showing that an observation statement is false confirming instance - correct answer an actual observation showing that an observation statement is true
observation statement - correct answer an empirical prediction deduced from a hypothesis necessary condition - correct answer a condition without which something would not happen sufficient condition - correct answer a condition such that if it happens, something will follow synthetic statement - correct answer a statement whose truth or falsity is not solely dependent upon the definitions- the meanings- of the words involved contradictory statement - correct answer a statement that is false by definition analytic statement - correct answer a statement that is true by definition vague sentence - correct answer a sentence that lacks a precise meaning grammatical ambiguity - correct answer an ambiguity that arises when the grammatical structure of a sentence allows 2 interpretations, each of which gives rise to a different meaning referential ambiguity - correct answer an ambiguity that arises when a word or phrase could, in the context of a particular sentence, refer to two or more properties or things ambiguous sentence - correct answer a sentence that has two or more different but possibly quite precise meanings circular definition - correct answer a definition that included the term being defined (or its cognate) in the definition operational definition - correct answer definition made by specifying a rule or operation definition by synonym - correct answer defining a word by providing a precise synonym
logical strength - correct answer an argument is said to have logical strength when its premises, if true, actually provide support for its conclusion formal validity - correct answer describes an argument such that if its premises are true then its conclusion must also be true