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This study set covers key concepts in cardiovascular physiology, providing a comprehensive overview of the cardiovascular system's functions, structure, and principles. It includes questions and answers related to blood transport, diffusion, convection, circulation types, haemodynamics, and pressure gradients. Valuable for students studying cardiovascular physiology, offering a structured approach to understanding the subject.
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What is the main function of the cardiovascular system? - Answer transport of nutrients,hormones, immune cells etc Name 8 functions of the cardiovascular system? - Answer 1-bringing nutrients into thebody 2-bringing fuel to cells 3-removal of waste products 4-circulation of hormones5-circulation of immune cells and antibodies 6-regulation of pH7-water balance 8- thermoregulation Where and does the ameoba get its o2? - Answer from the water and by process ofdiffusion since the [02] outside the cell is higher than inside What is diffusion? - Answer spontaneous movement of particles caused by randomthermal motion How can single cardiac cells survive on diffusion? - Answer bc the distance 02 has totravel is very small How capillaries per myocyte? - Answer 1How is the heart very vascularized? - Answer bc the capillaries are very close to each heart cell, so they bring fuel and take away waste efficiently What is Fick's Law? - Answer flow=Dx [ ] gradient x areaHow can the concentration gradient be found? - Answer (cout-cin)/d What 2 things does the diffusion coefficient depend on? - Answer 1-the substance2-the medium thru which the substance is diffusing Why are there 1 billion alveoli? - Answer to increase surface area to have more diffusion What is a gradient? - Answer spacial rate of change of a variable
What is flux? - Answer flow/area How many times is the Dc02 bigger than D02 in water? - Answer 20x so need smallerchange in [ ] to get the same flow Describe the processes of diffusion/convection to get 02 to the cells (4 steps) - Answer1- 02 enters the lungs thru bulk flow/convective flow 2-02 diffuses thru the alveolus and then to the blood 3-02 is convected by blood to the tissue 4-02 diffuses from RBCS into the cellDescribe how C02 is removed - Answer 1-C02 diffuses into the blood capillary 2- Blood containing c02 is convected back to the lungs 3-C02 diffuses thru the alveolus4-C02 is convected out by expiration Describe the process of diffusion of 02 from the alveolus to the RBCs (3 steps) - Answer1-02 diffuses thru the alveolar mm and ends up in the interstitial space 2-02 crosses the interstitial space and then the wall of the capillary 3-02 ends up in the blood plasma and then crosses the mm of the RBCs and binds to Hb What is necessary for convection? - Answer pressureWhat are the 3 necessary elements for the cardiovascular system? - Answer 1- pump=heart2- pipes=vessels 3- fluid=blood What is unusual about the dorsal vessel of an insect? - Answer open at one end butclosed at the other Is insect circulation an open or closed system? - Answer open What defines an open circulation? - Answer fluid leaving the cardiovascular systemWhat is the fluid that is pumped around in insects? - Answer haemolypmph Does the insect rely on heme for oxygenation? - Answer no How does the fluid in the insect re-enter the cardiovascular system? - Answer thru 2ostriums
What is volume? - Answer amount of space that a solid or fluid occupies Where is most blood found? - Answer veins and venules Where is the least amount of blood found? - Answer in arterioles and capillaries How much blood does the physiological man have? - Answer 5 L How many mL of blood per kg? - Answer 75 How many ml is a unit of blood? - Answer 450 What are the characteristics of the standard man? - Answer 1- male 2- early 20s3- caucasian 4- 70 kg 4- fasted and laying on back What is stroke volume? - Answer the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any onecontraction 70 ml
What is flow? - Answer volume/time What is the normalized flow? - Answer flow/100g What is the cardiac output and venous return? - Answer 5L/min
What 2 things does flow depend on? - Answer 1- cross-sectional area 2- flow velocity Why must we consider the mean velocity? - Answer bc velocity isn't necessarily thesame at all points in a cross-section
What are the 4 types of blood vessels? - Answer 1- Distribution arteries 2- Resistance vessels3- Exchange vessels 4- Capacitance In what type of vessels is most of the blood stored? - Answer capacitance What are the distribution arteries? - Answer aorta and large artery What is the function of the distribution arteries? - Answer to bring the blood from theheart to the organs
What are the resistance vessels? - Answer small arteries and arterioles What are the exchange vessels? - Answer capillaries What are capacitance vessels? - Answer veins and venules Why are the walls of the aorta so thick? - Answer bc of the pressure What happens to the total cross-sectional area as you move down the arterial tree? -Answer it increases
What is a longitudinal pressure gradient? - Answer differences in forces is due toviscous loses within the fluid as heat
Why does pressure fall? - Answer bc frictional losses are producing heat the heat iscome from the pressure energy
What is the average pressure within the arterial system? - Answer 100 mm hg Where does the greatest change in pressure occur? - Answer at the small arteries andarterioles aka the resistance vessels
Which arteries are not resistance vessels? - Answer large arteries What can be said about the pressures in pulmonary circulation? - Answer 1- systemicpressures > pulmonary pressures 2- average pressure decreases over time How long is the aortic valve open? - Answer 1/3 of the cardiac cycle What is hydrostatic pressure? - Answer The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium ata given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity
What is 1 cm h20 in Pa? - Answer 98 What equation for hydrostatic pressure? - Answer p=pgh What happens when blood pressure = hydrostatic pressure? - Answer flow stops What is atmospheric pressure? - Answer 760 mmHg
What does a sphygomanometer measure? - Answer arterial blood pressure What is central venous pressure and right atrial pressure measured in? - Answer cmh
What does the central venous pressure include? - Answer pressure of the superior orinferior venous cava
Are the central venous pressure and right atrial pressure significantly different inmagnitude? - Answer no
While measuring the right atrial pressure, when does the fluid stop flowing out of thecolumn? - Answer when at equilibrium w the pressure of the right atrium
What is perfusion pressure? - Answer difference between arterial and venous pressure Why do we disregard atmospheric pressure? - Answer bc its the perfusion that is drivingthe flow so atmospheric pressure is substracted on both sides
What drives the blood thru the cardiovascular system? - Answer perfusion pressure What is the formula for blood flow? - Answer flow= perfusion flow/resistance What is the formula for resistance? - Answer resistance= perfusion pressure/flow What is laminar or parabolic flow? - Answer flow in smooth concentric layers Why do we lose pressure as blood flows thru the arterial tree? - Answer due to frictional
Why do the capacitance vessels need to be compliant? - Answer to accommodate anyextra volume and to be able to squeeze it out
Which vessels have thinner walls? - Answer veins and veinules What do arteries have have that veins don't? - Answer layers of smooth muscle What is the formula for compliance? - Answer compliance= delta V/delta P Which system will there be more significant changes in pressure for the same change involume? - Answer arterial
What can cause heart failure? - Answer less compliant heart What are the 4 chambers of the heart? - Answer right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium,left ventricle
What are the great vessels of the heart? - Answer pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins,aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cava
What separates the right and the left heart? - Answer inter-ventricular septum What valve allows the blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle? - Answertricuspid valve
What valve allows for blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle? - Answerbicuspid (mitral) valve
What valve allows for blood to go from the right ventricle to the pulmonary tract? -Answer pulmonary valve
What valve allows for blood to go from the left ventricle to the aorta? - Answer aorticvalve
What type of tissue is the chordae tendinae? - Answer connective What is the function of the papillary muscles and the chordae tendinae? - Answer keepthe valves closed during ventricle contraction to prevent retrograde flow
Why would retrograde flow want to occur? - Answer bc Pventricle>Patrium What is the inner layer of connective tissue that is in contact with the blood in the heart?- Answer endocardium
What is the middle layer of connective tissue called? - Answer epicardium What is the outer layer of connective tissue called? - Answer pericardium What is in between the pericardium and the epicardium? - Answer pericardial fluid What is the circulation of blood? - Answer pulmonary veins-->left atrium-->bicuspidvalve-->left ventricle-->aortic valve-->aorta-->arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries-->venules-->veins-->venaecavae-->right atrium-->tricuspid valve-->right ventricle-->pulmonary valve-->pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries-->pulmonary arterioles-->capillaries of thelungs-->pulmonary veinules-->pulmonary veins-->left atrium
What is special about cardiac myocytes? - Answer electrically active
What are 2 things that the lead can be known as? - Answer 1- electrode itself 2- combination of electrodes taken to the voltmeter