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PHGY 210 Cardiovascular Physiology Exam
Study Guide
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system? - Answer transport of nutrients,hormones, immune cells etc Name 8 functions of the cardiovascular system? - Answer 1-bringing nutrients into thebody 2-bringing fuel to cells3-removal of waste products 4-circulation of hormones 5-circulation of immune cells and antibodies6-regulation of pH 7-water balance8- thermoregulation Where and does the ameoba get its o2? - Answer from the water and by process ofdiffusion since the [02] outside the cell is higher than inside What is diffusion? - Answer spontaneous movement of particles caused by randomthermal motion How can single cardiac cells survive on diffusion? - Answer bc the distance 02 has totravel is very small How capillaries per myocyte? - Answer 1 How is the heart very vascularized? - Answer bc the capillaries are very close to eachheart cell, so they bring fuel and take away waste efficiently What is Fick's Law? - Answer flow=Dx [ ] gradient x area How can the concentration gradient be found? - Answer (cout-cin)/dWhat 2 things does the diffusion coefficient depend on? - Answer 1-the substance 2-the medium thru which the substance is diffusingWhy are there 1 billion alveoli? - Answer to increase surface area to have more diffusion What is a gradient? - Answer spacial rate of change of a variable What is flux? - Answer flow/area
How many times is the Dc02 bigger than D02 in water? - Answer 20x so need smallerchange in [ ] to get the same flow Describe the processes of diffusion/convection to get 02 to the cells (4 steps) - Answer1- 02 enters the lungs thru bulk flow/convective flow 2-02 diffuses thru the alveolus and then to the blood3-02 is convected by blood to the tissue 4-02 diffuses from RBCS into the cell Describe how C02 is removed - Answer 1-C02 diffuses into the blood capillary2- Blood containing c02 is convected back to the lungs 3-C02 diffuses thru the alveolus 4-C02 is convected out by expirationDescribe the process of diffusion of 02 from the alveolus to the RBCs (3 steps) - Answer 1-02 diffuses thru the alveolar mm and ends up in the interstitial space 2-02 crosses the interstitial space and then the wall of the capillary3-02 ends up in the blood plasma and then crosses the mm of the RBCs and binds to Hb What is necessary for convection? - Answer pressure What are the 3 necessary elements for the cardiovascular system? - Answer 1-pump=heart 2- pipes=vessels3- fluid=blood What is unusual about the dorsal vessel of an insect? - Answer open at one end butclosed at the other Is insect circulation an open or closed system? - Answer open What defines an open circulation? - Answer fluid leaving the cardiovascular system What is the fluid that is pumped around in insects? - Answer haemolypmphDoes the insect rely on heme for oxygenation? - Answer no How does the fluid in the insect re-enter the cardiovascular system? - Answer thru 2ostriums What type of circulation does piscine circulation have? - Answer closed circulation
How much blood does the physiological man have? - Answer 5 L How many mL of blood per kg? - Answer 75 How many ml is a unit of blood? - Answer 450What are the characteristics of the standard man? - Answer 1- male 2- early 20s3- caucasian 4- 70 kg 4- fasted and laying on backWhat is stroke volume? - Answer the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any one contraction 70 ml What is flow? - Answer volume/timeWhat is the normalized flow? - Answer flow/100g What is the cardiac output and venous return? - Answer 5L/min What 2 things does flow depend on? - Answer 1- cross-sectional area2- flow velocity
Why must we consider the mean velocity? - Answer bc velocity isn't necessarily thesame at all points in a cross-section
What are the 4 types of blood vessels? - Answer 1- Distribution arteries2- Resistance vessels 3- Exchange vessels4- Capacitance
In what type of vessels is most of the blood stored? - Answer capacitance What are the distribution arteries? - Answer aorta and large artery
What is the function of the distribution arteries? - Answer to bring the blood from theheart to the organs
What are the resistance vessels? - Answer small arteries and arterioles What are the exchange vessels? - Answer capillaries What are capacitance vessels? - Answer veins and venules Why are the walls of the aorta so thick? - Answer bc of the pressure What happens to the total cross-sectional area as you move down the arterial tree? -Answer it increases
If the flow is the same at any level of branching, what must decrease as cross-sectionalarea increases? - Answer the velocity
What are the 4 advantages of a branching network? - Answer 1- any cell is very close toa capillary 2- a high total area of the walls of the capillary 3- low blood flow velocity in the capillaries maximizes the time of exchange 4- high total cross-sectional area decreases the resistance What is pressure? - Answer force/area What is the SI unit for pressure? - Answer Pascal (Pa)= N/m What is the practical unit for pressure? - Answer cm h20 or mm hg
How long is the aortic valve open? - Answer 1/3 of the cardiac cycle What is hydrostatic pressure? - Answer The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium ata given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity
What is 1 cm h20 in Pa? - Answer 98 What equation for hydrostatic pressure? - Answer p=pgh What happens when blood pressure = hydrostatic pressure? - Answer flow stops What is atmospheric pressure? - Answer 760 mmHg What does a sphygomanometer measure? - Answer arterial blood pressure What is central venous pressure and right atrial pressure measured in? - Answer cmh
What does the central venous pressure include? - Answer pressure of the superior orinferior venous cava
Are the central venous pressure and right atrial pressure significantly different inmagnitude? - Answer no
While measuring the right atrial pressure, when does the fluid stop flowing out of thecolumn? - Answer when at equilibrium w the pressure of the right atrium
What is perfusion pressure? - Answer difference between arterial and venous pressure
Why do we disregard atmospheric pressure? - Answer bc its the perfusion that is drivingthe flow so atmospheric pressure is substracted on both sides
What drives the blood thru the cardiovascular system? - Answer perfusion pressure What is the formula for blood flow? - Answer flow= perfusion flow/resistance What is the formula for resistance? - Answer resistance= perfusion pressure/flow What is laminar or parabolic flow? - Answer flow in smooth concentric layers Why do we lose pressure as blood flows thru the arterial tree? - Answer due to frictionallosses in viscous flow, pressure energy is lost as heat
What does Poisseuille's law state? - Answer 1- resistance is prop to length of vessel 2- resistance is prop to viscosity 3- resistance is inversly prop to radius^ Is poisseuille's law valid for all types of flow? - Answer no only laminar How does the body control the flow of blood to a particular organ? - Answer by changingthe resistance of the organ at the level of the small arteries and arterioles
What 3 things change smooth muscle activity? - Answer 1- local metabolites 2- innervation3- hormones
Do small changes in radius make huge or small differences in resistance and flow? -Answer huge
What are the great vessels of the heart? - Answer pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins,aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cava
What separates the right and the left heart? - Answer inter-ventricular septum What valve allows the blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle? - Answertricuspid valve
What valve allows for blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle? - Answerbicuspid (mitral) valve
What valve allows for blood to go from the right ventricle to the pulmonary tract? -Answer pulmonary valve
What valve allows for blood to go from the left ventricle to the aorta? - Answer aorticvalve
What type of tissue is the chordae tendinae? - Answer connective What is the function of the papillary muscles and the chordae tendinae? - Answer keepthe valves closed during ventricle contraction to prevent retrograde flow
Why would retrograde flow want to occur? - Answer bc Pventricle>Patrium What is the inner layer of connective tissue that is in contact with the blood in the heart?- Answer endocardium
What is the middle layer of connective tissue called? - Answer epicardium What is the outer layer of connective tissue called? - Answer pericardium
What is in between the pericardium and the epicardium? - Answer pericardial fluid What is the circulation of blood? - Answer pulmonary veins-->left atrium-->bicuspidvalve-->left ventricle-->aortic valve-->aorta-->arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries-->venules-->veins-->venaecavae-->right atrium-->tricuspid valve-->right ventricle-->pulmonary valve-->pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries-->pulmonary arterioles-->capillaries of thelungs-->pulmonary veinules-->pulmonary veins-->left atrium
What is special about cardiac myocytes? - Answer electrically active Where does the AP start in the heart? - Answer sinoatrial node Describe AP travel - Answer 1- sinoatrial node 2- atrioventricular node 3- bundle of his4- right and left bundle branch 5-perkunje fibers 6- spreads from endocardium to epidcardium What is the function of intercalated disks? - Answer cell-to-cell communication thru APs What do Gap-junctional channels do? - Answer allows propagation of APs What is necessary for propagation of current? - Answer both intra and extracellularflows of current
What are the 2 acronyms for the electrocardiogram? - Answer ECG, EKG
