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This study guide for phgy 210 cardiovascular physiology exam provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and answers to important questions related to the cardiovascular system. It covers topics such as the functions of the cardiovascular system, diffusion and convection processes, blood circulation in different organisms, haemodynamics, and pressure gradients. The guide is particularly useful for students preparing for exams in physiology or related fields.
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What is the main function of the cardiovascular system? - Answer transport of nutrients,hormones, immune cells etc Name 8 functions of the cardiovascular system? - Answer 1-bringing nutrients into thebody 2-bringing fuel to cells3-removal of waste products 4-circulation of hormones 5-circulation of immune cells and antibodies6-regulation of pH 7-water balance8- thermoregulation Where and does the ameoba get its o2? - Answer from the water and by process ofdiffusion since the [02] outside the cell is higher than inside What is diffusion? - Answer spontaneous movement of particles caused by randomthermal motion How can single cardiac cells survive on diffusion? - Answer bc the distance 02 has totravel is very small How capillaries per myocyte? - Answer 1 How is the heart very vascularized? - Answer bc the capillaries are very close to eachheart cell, so they bring fuel and take away waste efficiently What is Fick's Law? - Answer flow=Dx [ ] gradient x area How can the concentration gradient be found? - Answer (cout-cin)/dWhat 2 things does the diffusion coefficient depend on? - Answer 1-the substance 2-the medium thru which the substance is diffusingWhy are there 1 billion alveoli? - Answer to increase surface area to have more diffusion What is a gradient? - Answer spacial rate of change of a variable What is flux? - Answer flow/area
How many times is the Dc02 bigger than D02 in water? - Answer 20x so need smallerchange in [ ] to get the same flow Describe the processes of diffusion/convection to get 02 to the cells (4 steps) - Answer1- 02 enters the lungs thru bulk flow/convective flow 2-02 diffuses thru the alveolus and then to the blood3-02 is convected by blood to the tissue 4-02 diffuses from RBCS into the cell Describe how C02 is removed - Answer 1-C02 diffuses into the blood capillary2- Blood containing c02 is convected back to the lungs 3-C02 diffuses thru the alveolus 4-C02 is convected out by expirationDescribe the process of diffusion of 02 from the alveolus to the RBCs (3 steps) - Answer 1-02 diffuses thru the alveolar mm and ends up in the interstitial space 2-02 crosses the interstitial space and then the wall of the capillary3-02 ends up in the blood plasma and then crosses the mm of the RBCs and binds to Hb What is necessary for convection? - Answer pressure What are the 3 necessary elements for the cardiovascular system? - Answer 1-pump=heart 2- pipes=vessels3- fluid=blood What is unusual about the dorsal vessel of an insect? - Answer open at one end butclosed at the other Is insect circulation an open or closed system? - Answer open What defines an open circulation? - Answer fluid leaving the cardiovascular system What is the fluid that is pumped around in insects? - Answer haemolypmphDoes the insect rely on heme for oxygenation? - Answer no How does the fluid in the insect re-enter the cardiovascular system? - Answer thru 2ostriums What type of circulation does piscine circulation have? - Answer closed circulation
How much blood does the physiological man have? - Answer 5 L How many mL of blood per kg? - Answer 75 How many ml is a unit of blood? - Answer 450What are the characteristics of the standard man? - Answer 1- male 2- early 20s3- caucasian 4- 70 kg 4- fasted and laying on backWhat is stroke volume? - Answer the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any one contraction 70 ml What is flow? - Answer volume/timeWhat is the normalized flow? - Answer flow/100g What is the cardiac output and venous return? - Answer 5L/min What 2 things does flow depend on? - Answer 1- cross-sectional area2- flow velocity
Why must we consider the mean velocity? - Answer bc velocity isn't necessarily thesame at all points in a cross-section
What are the 4 types of blood vessels? - Answer 1- Distribution arteries2- Resistance vessels 3- Exchange vessels4- Capacitance
In what type of vessels is most of the blood stored? - Answer capacitance What are the distribution arteries? - Answer aorta and large artery
What is the function of the distribution arteries? - Answer to bring the blood from theheart to the organs
What are the resistance vessels? - Answer small arteries and arterioles What are the exchange vessels? - Answer capillaries What are capacitance vessels? - Answer veins and venules Why are the walls of the aorta so thick? - Answer bc of the pressure What happens to the total cross-sectional area as you move down the arterial tree? -Answer it increases
If the flow is the same at any level of branching, what must decrease as cross-sectionalarea increases? - Answer the velocity
What are the 4 advantages of a branching network? - Answer 1- any cell is very close toa capillary 2- a high total area of the walls of the capillary 3- low blood flow velocity in the capillaries maximizes the time of exchange 4- high total cross-sectional area decreases the resistance What is pressure? - Answer force/area What is the SI unit for pressure? - Answer Pascal (Pa)= N/m What is the practical unit for pressure? - Answer cm h20 or mm hg
How long is the aortic valve open? - Answer 1/3 of the cardiac cycle What is hydrostatic pressure? - Answer The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium ata given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity
What is 1 cm h20 in Pa? - Answer 98 What equation for hydrostatic pressure? - Answer p=pgh What happens when blood pressure = hydrostatic pressure? - Answer flow stops What is atmospheric pressure? - Answer 760 mmHg What does a sphygomanometer measure? - Answer arterial blood pressure What is central venous pressure and right atrial pressure measured in? - Answer cmh
What does the central venous pressure include? - Answer pressure of the superior orinferior venous cava
Are the central venous pressure and right atrial pressure significantly different inmagnitude? - Answer no
While measuring the right atrial pressure, when does the fluid stop flowing out of thecolumn? - Answer when at equilibrium w the pressure of the right atrium
What is perfusion pressure? - Answer difference between arterial and venous pressure
Why do we disregard atmospheric pressure? - Answer bc its the perfusion that is drivingthe flow so atmospheric pressure is substracted on both sides
What drives the blood thru the cardiovascular system? - Answer perfusion pressure What is the formula for blood flow? - Answer flow= perfusion flow/resistance What is the formula for resistance? - Answer resistance= perfusion pressure/flow What is laminar or parabolic flow? - Answer flow in smooth concentric layers Why do we lose pressure as blood flows thru the arterial tree? - Answer due to frictionallosses in viscous flow, pressure energy is lost as heat
What does Poisseuille's law state? - Answer 1- resistance is prop to length of vessel 2- resistance is prop to viscosity 3- resistance is inversly prop to radius^ Is poisseuille's law valid for all types of flow? - Answer no only laminar How does the body control the flow of blood to a particular organ? - Answer by changingthe resistance of the organ at the level of the small arteries and arterioles
What 3 things change smooth muscle activity? - Answer 1- local metabolites 2- innervation3- hormones
Do small changes in radius make huge or small differences in resistance and flow? -Answer huge
What are the great vessels of the heart? - Answer pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins,aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cava
What separates the right and the left heart? - Answer inter-ventricular septum What valve allows the blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle? - Answertricuspid valve
What valve allows for blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle? - Answerbicuspid (mitral) valve
What valve allows for blood to go from the right ventricle to the pulmonary tract? -Answer pulmonary valve
What valve allows for blood to go from the left ventricle to the aorta? - Answer aorticvalve
What type of tissue is the chordae tendinae? - Answer connective What is the function of the papillary muscles and the chordae tendinae? - Answer keepthe valves closed during ventricle contraction to prevent retrograde flow
Why would retrograde flow want to occur? - Answer bc Pventricle>Patrium What is the inner layer of connective tissue that is in contact with the blood in the heart?- Answer endocardium
What is the middle layer of connective tissue called? - Answer epicardium What is the outer layer of connective tissue called? - Answer pericardium
What is in between the pericardium and the epicardium? - Answer pericardial fluid What is the circulation of blood? - Answer pulmonary veins-->left atrium-->bicuspidvalve-->left ventricle-->aortic valve-->aorta-->arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries-->venules-->veins-->venaecavae-->right atrium-->tricuspid valve-->right ventricle-->pulmonary valve-->pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries-->pulmonary arterioles-->capillaries of thelungs-->pulmonary veinules-->pulmonary veins-->left atrium
What is special about cardiac myocytes? - Answer electrically active Where does the AP start in the heart? - Answer sinoatrial node Describe AP travel - Answer 1- sinoatrial node 2- atrioventricular node 3- bundle of his4- right and left bundle branch 5-perkunje fibers 6- spreads from endocardium to epidcardium What is the function of intercalated disks? - Answer cell-to-cell communication thru APs What do Gap-junctional channels do? - Answer allows propagation of APs What is necessary for propagation of current? - Answer both intra and extracellularflows of current
What are the 2 acronyms for the electrocardiogram? - Answer ECG, EKG