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PHGY Qu 210 Cardestions ioAnd Avasculccurar Phyate Asionswerslogy Exam
What does the cardiovascular system basically do? -Answer transportation of nutrients,hormones, immune cells etc
Name 8 functions of cardiovascular systems? - Answer 1-intake of nutrients within thebody 2-delivery of fuel to the cells3-removal of waste products 4-circulation of hormones 5-circulation of immune cells and antibodies6-regulation of pH 7-water balance 8- thermoregulation where and does the ameoba get its o2? - Answer from the water and by process ofdiffusion since the [02] outside the cell is higher than inside
what is diffusion? - Answer spontaneous movement of particles caused by randomthermal motion
how can single cardiac cells survive on diffusion? - Answer bc the distance 02 has totravel is very small
how capillaries per myocyte? - Answer 1 How is the heart very vascularized? - Answer bc the capillaries are very close to each
heart cell, so they bring fuel and take away waste efficiently What is Fick's Law? - Answer flow=Dx [ ] gradient x area How can the concentration gradient be found? - Answer (cout-cin)/d What 2 things does the diffusion coefficient depend on? - Answer 1-the substance 2-the medium thru which the substance is diffusing Why 1 billion alveoli? - Answerto increase surface area to have more diffusion What is a gradient? - Answer spacial rate of change of a variable What is flux? - Answer flow/area How many times bigger is the Dc02 compared to D02 in water? - Answer 20x so needsmaller change in [ ] to get the same flow
Explain the mechanisms of diffusion/convection to deliver 02 to the cells. (4 steps) -Answer 1- 02 enters the lungs thru bulk flow/convective flow 2-02 diffuses thru the alveolus and then to the blood 3-02 is convected by blood to the tissue4-02 diffuses from RBCS into the cell
Explain how C02 is eliminated - Answer 1-C02 diffuses into the blood capillary2- Blood containing c02 is convected back to the lungs 3-C02 diffuses thru the alveolus 4-C02 is convected out by expiration
What is a closed circulation? -Answer fluid doesn't leave the vessels or the heart so itremains in the cardiovascular system
How many loops does the piscine circulation have? -Answer 1-->single-loop circulation How many chambers does a fish heart have? -Answer 2; 1 atrium and 1 ventricle How do fish obtain oxygen? -Answer from the water at the gill capillaries What kind of circulation do amphibians and most reptiles have? - Answer closed anddouble-loop circulation
How many chambers is amphibian and most reptiles have? - Answer 3; 2 atriums and 1ventricle
How does the ventricle of an amphibian work? - Answer has 2 parallel streams wheresome blood is taken into the systemic circuit while other blood goes into the pulmocutaneous circuit What type of circulation do avian and mammalians have? -Answer closed double loopcirculation
How many chambers doe a mammalian heart have? -Answer 4 What separates the right and the left ventricle? -Answer interventricular septum Where is the oxygenated blood found? -Answer left side of the heart Where is the deoxygenated blood found? -Answer right side of the heart
What is unusual about the heart of a crocodilian? -Answer it has 4 chambers To which animals are the crocodilians closer related? -Answer birds and dinosaurs What is haemodynamics? -Answer branch of physiology dealing with the forces involvedin the circulation of the blood
What are the 5 principles of haemodynamics? -Answer 1 -volume 2-flow 3-resistance4-compliance 5- pressure What is volume? -Answer the amount of space that a solid or fluid occupies Where is most blood found? - Answer veins and venules Where is the least amount of blood found? - Answer in arterioles and capillaries How much blood does the physiological man have? - Answer 5 L How many mL of blood per kg? - Answer 75 How many ml is a unit of blood? - Answer 450 What are the characteristics of the standard man? - Answer 1- male
What is the function of the distribution arteries? -Answer to bring blood from the heart tothe organs
What are the resistance vessels? -Answer small arteries and arterioles What are the exchange vessels? -Answer capillaries What are capacitance vessels? -Answer veins and venules Why are the walls of the aorta so thick? -Answer bc of the pressure What happens to the total cross sectional area as you go down the arterial tree? -Answer it increases
If flow is the same at any level of branching what must decrease if the cross sectionalarea increases? - Answer the velocity
What are 4 advantages of a branching network? - Answer 1- any cell is very close to acapillary 2- a high total area of the walls of the capillary 3- low blood flow velocity in the capillaries maximizes the time of exchange4- high total cross-sectional area decreases the resistance
What is pressure? - Answer force/area What is the SI unit for pressure? - Answer Pascal (Pa)= N/m What is the practical unit for pressure? - Answer cm h20 or mm hg
What is normal blood pressure? - Answer 120/80 mmHg What is central venous pressure? - Answer 5-10 cm H2O If there is no flow within a system, what can be said of the pressure? -Answer pressureis the same everywhere
If there is a flow, what can be said of the pressure? -Answer falls as you make your waythru the tube in a linear fashion
Why doesn't the fluid accelerate to the right even tho the net force points that way?-Answer bc of friction
What is a longitudinal pressure gradient? - Answer differences in forces is due toviscous loses within the fluid as heat
Why does pressure fall? - Answer bc frictional losses are producing heat the heat iscome from the pressure energy
What is the average pressure within the arterial system? - Answer 100 mm hg Where is the most dramatic change in pressure? -Answer the small arteries andarterioles aka the resistance vessels
Which of the following arteries would NOT be resistance vessels? -Answer largearteries
What can be said regarding pressures in pulmonary circulation? -Answer 1- systemicpressures > pulmonary pressures
What is perfusion pressure? - Answ: difference between arterial and venous pressure Why do we disregard atmospheric pressure? - Answ: bc its the perfusion that is drivingthe flow so atmospheric pressure is substracted on both sides
What is responsible for driving the blood thru the cardiovascular system? -Answerperfusion pressure
What is the equation for blood flow? -Answer flow= perfusion flow/resistance What is the equation for resistance? -Answer resistance= perfusion pressure/flow What is laminar or parabolic flow? -Answer flow in smooth concentric layers Why do we lose pressure as blood flows thru the arterial tree? - Answer due to frictionallosses in viscous flow, pressure energy is lost as heat
What does Poisseuille's law state? - Answer 1- resistance is prop to length of vessel 2- resistance is prop to viscosity 3- resistance is inversly prop to radius^ Is poisseuille's law valid for all types of flow? - Answer no only laminar How does the body regulate blood flow to a particular organ? -Answer by varying theresistance of the organ at the level of the small arteries and arterioles
What 3 things alter smooth muscle activity? -Answer 1- local metabolites 2- innervation3- hormones
Do small changes in radius make huge or small differences in resistance and flow?-Answer huge
What is the resistance of vessels or organs in series? - Answer R= R1+R What is the resistance of vessels or organs in parallel? - Answer 1/R= 1/R1 + 1/R What organs are in series? - Answer right heart lungs and left heart What organs are in parallel? - Answer the rest Which vessels need to be compliant? - Answer capacitance vessels aka veins andveinules
Why does it have to be the case that capacitance vessels are compliant? -Answer toaccommodate any extra volume and to be able to squeeze it out
Which vessels have walls of a thinner wall? -Answer veins and veinules What does an artery have that a vein does not? -Answer layers of smooth muscle What is the equation for compliance? -Answer compliance= delta V/delta P Which system will there be more significant changes in pressure for the same change involume? - Answer arterial
What can cause heart failure? - Answer less compliant heart
What is the outer layer of connective tissue called? - Answer pericardium What is in between the pericardium and the epicardium? - Answer pericardial fluid What is the flow of circulation? -Answer pulmonary veinsvalve→left ventricle→aortic →left atrium→bicuspid valveatrium→→aortatricuspid valve→arteries→→arteriolesright ventricle→capillaries→pulmonary valve→venules→veins→pulmonary trunk→venae cavae→→pulmonaryright arteriesveins→left atrium→pulmonary arterioles→capillaries of lungs→pulmonary veinules→pulmonary
What is unique about cardiac myocytes? -Answer electrically active Where is the origin of AP in the heart? -Answer sinoatrial node Describe AP conduction -Answer 1- sinoatrial node2- atrioventricular node 3- bundle of his 4- right and left bundle branch5-perkunje fibers 6- spreads from endocardium to epidcardium What do intercalated disks do? - Answer cell-to-cell communication thru APs What do the Gap-junctional channels do? - Answer allows propagation of APs What does propagation of current require? - Answer both intra and extracellular flows ofcurrent
What are the 2 acronyms for the electrocardiogram? - Answer ECG, EKG What type of recording is the ECG? - Answer extracellular P wave caused by? - Ans atrial excitation QRS generated by? - Ans ventricular excitation The T wave is generated by? - Ans ventricular relaxation aka repolarization Why do we only see the P wave when the AP is in the atriums? - Ans bc not seen in smallgroups of cells such as SA node and perkunje fibers
What are given that are 2 things the lead can be known as? -Answer 1- electrode itself 2- combination of electrodes taken to voltmeter
