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PHGY 210 Cardiovascular Physiology Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Physiology

A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to cardiovascular physiology, covering topics such as the functions of the cardiovascular system, diffusion and convection of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, and circulation in different organisms. It also explores key concepts in hemodynamics, including volume, flow, resistance, compliance, and pressure.

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2024/2025

Available from 02/12/2025

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PHGY 210 Cardiovascular Physiology Exam
Questions And Accurate Answers
What does the cardiovascular system basically do? -Answer transportation of nutrients,
hormones, immune cells etc
Name 8 functions of cardiovascular systems? - Answer 1-intake of nutrients within the
body
2-delivery of fuel to the cells
3-removal of waste products
4-circulation of hormones
5-circulation of immune cells and antibodies
6-regulation of pH
7-water balance
8- thermoregulation
where and does the ameoba get its o2? - Answer from the water and by process of
diffusion since the [02] outside the cell is higher than inside
what is diffusion? - Answer spontaneous movement of particles caused by random
thermal motion
how can single cardiac cells survive on diffusion? - Answer bc the distance 02 has to
travel is very small
how capillaries per myocyte? - Answer 1
How is the heart very vascularized? - Answer bc the capillaries are very close to each
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PHGY Qu 210 Cardestions ioAnd Avasculccurar Phyate Asionswerslogy Exam

What does the cardiovascular system basically do? -Answer transportation of nutrients,hormones, immune cells etc

Name 8 functions of cardiovascular systems? - Answer 1-intake of nutrients within thebody 2-delivery of fuel to the cells3-removal of waste products 4-circulation of hormones 5-circulation of immune cells and antibodies6-regulation of pH 7-water balance 8- thermoregulation where and does the ameoba get its o2? - Answer from the water and by process ofdiffusion since the [02] outside the cell is higher than inside

what is diffusion? - Answer spontaneous movement of particles caused by randomthermal motion

how can single cardiac cells survive on diffusion? - Answer bc the distance 02 has totravel is very small

how capillaries per myocyte? - Answer 1 How is the heart very vascularized? - Answer bc the capillaries are very close to each

heart cell, so they bring fuel and take away waste efficiently What is Fick's Law? - Answer flow=Dx [ ] gradient x area How can the concentration gradient be found? - Answer (cout-cin)/d What 2 things does the diffusion coefficient depend on? - Answer 1-the substance 2-the medium thru which the substance is diffusing Why 1 billion alveoli? - Answerto increase surface area to have more diffusion What is a gradient? - Answer spacial rate of change of a variable What is flux? - Answer flow/area How many times bigger is the Dc02 compared to D02 in water? - Answer 20x so needsmaller change in [ ] to get the same flow

Explain the mechanisms of diffusion/convection to deliver 02 to the cells. (4 steps) -Answer 1- 02 enters the lungs thru bulk flow/convective flow 2-02 diffuses thru the alveolus and then to the blood 3-02 is convected by blood to the tissue4-02 diffuses from RBCS into the cell

Explain how C02 is eliminated - Answer 1-C02 diffuses into the blood capillary2- Blood containing c02 is convected back to the lungs 3-C02 diffuses thru the alveolus 4-C02 is convected out by expiration

What is a closed circulation? -Answer fluid doesn't leave the vessels or the heart so itremains in the cardiovascular system

How many loops does the piscine circulation have? -Answer 1-->single-loop circulation How many chambers does a fish heart have? -Answer 2; 1 atrium and 1 ventricle How do fish obtain oxygen? -Answer from the water at the gill capillaries What kind of circulation do amphibians and most reptiles have? - Answer closed anddouble-loop circulation

How many chambers is amphibian and most reptiles have? - Answer 3; 2 atriums and 1ventricle

How does the ventricle of an amphibian work? - Answer has 2 parallel streams wheresome blood is taken into the systemic circuit while other blood goes into the pulmocutaneous circuit What type of circulation do avian and mammalians have? -Answer closed double loopcirculation

How many chambers doe a mammalian heart have? -Answer 4 What separates the right and the left ventricle? -Answer interventricular septum Where is the oxygenated blood found? -Answer left side of the heart Where is the deoxygenated blood found? -Answer right side of the heart

What is unusual about the heart of a crocodilian? -Answer it has 4 chambers To which animals are the crocodilians closer related? -Answer birds and dinosaurs What is haemodynamics? -Answer branch of physiology dealing with the forces involvedin the circulation of the blood

What are the 5 principles of haemodynamics? -Answer 1 -volume 2-flow 3-resistance4-compliance 5- pressure What is volume? -Answer the amount of space that a solid or fluid occupies Where is most blood found? - Answer veins and venules Where is the least amount of blood found? - Answer in arterioles and capillaries How much blood does the physiological man have? - Answer 5 L How many mL of blood per kg? - Answer 75 How many ml is a unit of blood? - Answer 450 What are the characteristics of the standard man? - Answer 1- male

What is the function of the distribution arteries? -Answer to bring blood from the heart tothe organs

What are the resistance vessels? -Answer small arteries and arterioles What are the exchange vessels? -Answer capillaries What are capacitance vessels? -Answer veins and venules Why are the walls of the aorta so thick? -Answer bc of the pressure What happens to the total cross sectional area as you go down the arterial tree? -Answer it increases

If flow is the same at any level of branching what must decrease if the cross sectionalarea increases? - Answer the velocity

What are 4 advantages of a branching network? - Answer 1- any cell is very close to acapillary 2- a high total area of the walls of the capillary 3- low blood flow velocity in the capillaries maximizes the time of exchange4- high total cross-sectional area decreases the resistance

What is pressure? - Answer force/area What is the SI unit for pressure? - Answer Pascal (Pa)= N/m What is the practical unit for pressure? - Answer cm h20 or mm hg

What is normal blood pressure? - Answer 120/80 mmHg What is central venous pressure? - Answer 5-10 cm H2O If there is no flow within a system, what can be said of the pressure? -Answer pressureis the same everywhere

If there is a flow, what can be said of the pressure? -Answer falls as you make your waythru the tube in a linear fashion

Why doesn't the fluid accelerate to the right even tho the net force points that way?-Answer bc of friction

What is a longitudinal pressure gradient? - Answer differences in forces is due toviscous loses within the fluid as heat

Why does pressure fall? - Answer bc frictional losses are producing heat the heat iscome from the pressure energy

What is the average pressure within the arterial system? - Answer 100 mm hg Where is the most dramatic change in pressure? -Answer the small arteries andarterioles aka the resistance vessels

Which of the following arteries would NOT be resistance vessels? -Answer largearteries

What can be said regarding pressures in pulmonary circulation? -Answer 1- systemicpressures > pulmonary pressures

What is perfusion pressure? - Answ: difference between arterial and venous pressure Why do we disregard atmospheric pressure? - Answ: bc its the perfusion that is drivingthe flow so atmospheric pressure is substracted on both sides

What is responsible for driving the blood thru the cardiovascular system? -Answerperfusion pressure

What is the equation for blood flow? -Answer flow= perfusion flow/resistance What is the equation for resistance? -Answer resistance= perfusion pressure/flow What is laminar or parabolic flow? -Answer flow in smooth concentric layers Why do we lose pressure as blood flows thru the arterial tree? - Answer due to frictionallosses in viscous flow, pressure energy is lost as heat

What does Poisseuille's law state? - Answer 1- resistance is prop to length of vessel 2- resistance is prop to viscosity 3- resistance is inversly prop to radius^ Is poisseuille's law valid for all types of flow? - Answer no only laminar How does the body regulate blood flow to a particular organ? -Answer by varying theresistance of the organ at the level of the small arteries and arterioles

What 3 things alter smooth muscle activity? -Answer 1- local metabolites 2- innervation3- hormones

Do small changes in radius make huge or small differences in resistance and flow?-Answer huge

What is the resistance of vessels or organs in series? - Answer R= R1+R What is the resistance of vessels or organs in parallel? - Answer 1/R= 1/R1 + 1/R What organs are in series? - Answer right heart lungs and left heart What organs are in parallel? - Answer the rest Which vessels need to be compliant? - Answer capacitance vessels aka veins andveinules

Why does it have to be the case that capacitance vessels are compliant? -Answer toaccommodate any extra volume and to be able to squeeze it out

Which vessels have walls of a thinner wall? -Answer veins and veinules What does an artery have that a vein does not? -Answer layers of smooth muscle What is the equation for compliance? -Answer compliance= delta V/delta P Which system will there be more significant changes in pressure for the same change involume? - Answer arterial

What can cause heart failure? - Answer less compliant heart

What is the outer layer of connective tissue called? - Answer pericardium What is in between the pericardium and the epicardium? - Answer pericardial fluid What is the flow of circulation? -Answer pulmonary veinsvalve→left ventricle→aortic →left atrium→bicuspid valveatrium→→aortatricuspid valve→arteries→→arteriolesright ventricle→capillaries→pulmonary valve→venules→veins→pulmonary trunk→venae cavae→→pulmonaryright arteriesveins→left atrium→pulmonary arterioles→capillaries of lungs→pulmonary veinules→pulmonary

What is unique about cardiac myocytes? -Answer electrically active Where is the origin of AP in the heart? -Answer sinoatrial node Describe AP conduction -Answer 1- sinoatrial node2- atrioventricular node 3- bundle of his 4- right and left bundle branch5-perkunje fibers 6- spreads from endocardium to epidcardium What do intercalated disks do? - Answer cell-to-cell communication thru APs What do the Gap-junctional channels do? - Answer allows propagation of APs What does propagation of current require? - Answer both intra and extracellular flows ofcurrent

What are the 2 acronyms for the electrocardiogram? - Answer ECG, EKG What type of recording is the ECG? - Answer extracellular P wave caused by? - Ans atrial excitation QRS generated by? - Ans ventricular excitation The T wave is generated by? - Ans ventricular relaxation aka repolarization Why do we only see the P wave when the AP is in the atriums? - Ans bc not seen in smallgroups of cells such as SA node and perkunje fibers

What are given that are 2 things the lead can be known as? -Answer 1- electrode itself 2- combination of electrodes taken to voltmeter