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Understanding the Role of Neurons, Axons, and Anesthetics in Nerve Conduction, Quizzes of Health sciences

A comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts of neurophysiology, focusing on the structure and function of neurons and nerve cells, the role of axons and myelin sheaths in nerve conduction, and the mechanisms of action of local anesthetics. Students will gain a solid understanding of the terms, definitions, and concepts related to neurons, axoplasm, axolemma, impulses, myelin sheath, depolarization, repolarization, absolute and relative refractory periods, nerve blocks, specific receptor theory, and anesthetics. An essential resource for university students studying neurophysiology, pharmacology, or anesthesiology.

Typology: Quizzes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 04/05/2011

lmcclasky
lmcclasky 🇺🇸

18 documents

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TERM 1
types of neuron/nerve cells
DEFINITION 1
sensory (afferent) & motor (efferent)
TERM 2
axoplasm
DEFINITION 2
cytoplasm of an axon
TERM 3
axolemma
DEFINITION 3
nerve membrane (myelinated or unmyelinated)
TERM 4
impulses (action potential) move faster thru
myelinated membranes because of
DEFINITION 4
saltatory conduction
TERM 5
myelin sheath is made from
DEFINITION 5
Schwann cells
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types of neuron/nerve cells

sensory (afferent) & motor (efferent)

TERM 2

axoplasm

DEFINITION 2

cytoplasm of an axon

TERM 3

axolemma

DEFINITION 3

nerve membrane (myelinated or unmyelinated)

TERM 4

impulses (action potential) move faster thru

myelinated membranes because of

DEFINITION 4

saltatory conduction

TERM 5

myelin sheath is made from

DEFINITION 5

Schwann cells

depolarization involves

Na+ moving across the membrane

TERM 7

resting potential

DEFINITION 7

-70mV

TERM 8

firing (slow depolarization to threshold

potential)

DEFINITION 8

-50 to -60mV

TERM 9

potential (rapid depolarization)

DEFINITION 9

TERM 10

repolarization

DEFINITION 10

-60 to -90mV (K+ moves across membrane)

repolarization requires

energy

TERM 17

local anesthetics are classified as

DEFINITION 17

esters and amides

TERM 18

_ are most commonly used in

dentistry

DEFINITION 18

amides

TERM 19

most anesthetics are _, but some are _

DEFINITION 19

tertiary amines, secondary amines

TERM 20

Amides have a _ group

DEFINITION 20

NH

esters have a _ group

C=O

TERM 22

the lipophilic part of an amine

DEFINITION 22

R group

TERM 23

the intermediate chain of an amine

DEFINITION 23

A = (CO)OR1 B = (NH)CO-R

TERM 24

hydrophilic part of an amine

DEFINITION 24

A = R2-N-R3 B = R3-N-R

TERM 25

RNH+ RN +

H+

DEFINITION 25

Definition

major factor of diffusion

concentration gradient

TERM 32

esters are metabolized in

DEFINITION 32

blood plasma

TERM 33

amides are metabolized mainly in the

DEFINITION 33

liver

TERM 34

bundles of nerve fibers

DEFINITION 34

fasciculi

TERM 35

fasciculi located near the surface of a nerve

DEFINITION 35

mantle bundles

fasciculi near the center of the

nerve

core bundles

TERM 37

the _ binds nerves together as fasciculi

DEFINITION 37

perineurium

TERM 38

the _ (innermost layer of perineurium) is the

greatest barrier to diffusion

DEFINITION 38

perilemma

TERM 39

lidocaine

DEFINITION 39

lipid solubility = 4. concentration = 2%. protein binding =

65. duration = 90-200min.

TERM 40

Bupivacaine

DEFINITION 40

lipid solubility = 30. concentration = .5-.75%. protein binding

= 95. duration = 180-600min.

level of LA depends on

rate drug is absorbed into CVS, rate of distribution,

elimination of drug thru metabolic or excretory pathways

TERM 47

metabolism of esters

DEFINITION 47

hydrolized bypseudocholinesterase in plasma

TERM 48

metabolism of amides

DEFINITION 48

primary site of biotranformation in liver

TERM 49

in urine, parent compounds of amides are

DEFINITION 49

found in greater concentration than esters

TERM 50

_ can raise blood levels

DEFINITION 50

kidney or liver dysfunction

systemic problems (side effects) related to

blood or plasma levels

TERM 52

at low levels, no_

effects

DEFINITION 52

CNS

TERM 53

at high levels, people can

experience

DEFINITION 53

tonic - clonic convulsions

TERM 54

vasoconstrictors

DEFINITION 54

slow down the process of local blood vessels absorbing the

unused anesthetic

TERM 55

vasoconstrictors

DEFINITION 55

epinephrine or levonordefrin

epinephrine stats (concentrations, max dose,

cardiac dose)

1:100,000, 1:50,000, 1:200,000. max= 0.2mgs or 20mL of

1:100,000. cardiac =0.04 mgs or 2 carps

TERM 62

levonordefrin stats (5 things)

DEFINITION 62

AKA Neo-cobefrin. 1/6th strength of epi. usual dose 1:20,000.

1mg/appt or 20 ml. usually combined with mepivacaine

(carbocaine)

TERM 63

LAs without added vasoconstrictor

DEFINITION 63

mepivacaine and prilocaine (Citanest)

TERM 64

contraindications of

vasoconstrictors

DEFINITION 64

certain BP meds or tricyclic antidepressants

TERM 65

vasoconstrictors require acidic preservatives

which cause

DEFINITION 65

less RN = reduced onset

the preservatives are usually responsible for

any allergic reactions

TERM 67

amides

DEFINITION 67

lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, articaine

TERM 68

lidocaine stats (8 things)

DEFINITION 68

most commonly used amide. usually 2%. brand names

Xylocaine, Octocaine, Alphacaine. metabolized in liver,

excreted in kidneys (10% parent compund). onset = 2-3 min.

with epi 1:100,000 (or 1:50,000). max dose = 300mgs ~

carps. pulpal anes = ~1hr

TERM 69

mepivacaine stats (6 things)

DEFINITION 69

amide, brand names: Carbocaine and Isocaine. 2-3% w/ or

w/out vaso. metabolized in liver, excreted in kidneys. usually

with 1:20,000 Neo-Cobefrin. onset = 1.5-2min, pulpal 45 min.

no allergies

TERM 70

Bupivacaine stats (7 things)

DEFINITION 70

amide, brand name Marcaine. 0.5% w/ 1:200.000 epi.

metabolized in liver, excreted in kidneys. onset = 6-10min.

LONG duration. pulpal - 90-180min, soft tissue - 9hrs. not for

kids

topicals (benzocaine)

ester 20%, came stuff in sunscreen preps

TERM 77

topicals (lidocaine)

DEFINITION 77

amide, base form =5%, HCl form =2%, penetrates tissue

more easily (more potential for toxicity)

TERM 78

topicals (Oraquix)

DEFINITION 78

amide, 2.5% lido and 2.5% prilo. 1.7g/gel. need Rx. max dose

=5 carp. onset = 30s. duration = 20min

TERM 79

broken needle

DEFINITION 79

retrieve if visible, inform pt, document, refer. usually breaks

at hub.

TERM 80

burning on injection

DEFINITION 80

caused by pH, to fast, contaminated w/ alcohol or sterilizing

solution, too warm. usually transient (short)

paresthesia

loss of sensation from needle trauma, alcohol or sterilizing

agents, hemorrage/edema. usually fixed in ~8wks. usually

inferior alveolar or lingual nerve

TERM 82

trismus

DEFINITION 82

(soreness) limited opening dur to muscle spasm. treated with

heat, muscle relaxers, analgesics, physiotherapy (keep

mouth moving), delay elective treatments. should improve in

48 hrs. persistance may be infection, hematoma, TMD.

TERM 83

hematoma

DEFINITION 83

blood leaked into tissue. discoloration 7-14 days. more

common with PSA and IA injections. may have pain, swelling,

and trismus. treatment: apply pressure, ice then moist heat.

TERM 84

edema

DEFINITION 84

swelling of tissues caused by trauma, infection, hemorrage,

irritating solutions, allergy. needs treatment.

TERM 85

facial nerve paralysis

DEFINITION 85

IA injection went into parotid gland. facial nerve (7th cranial)

motor and sensory for muscles of facial expression. transient.

short needle length

20mm

TERM 92

long needle length

DEFINITION 92

32mm

TERM 93

cartridge storage temp

DEFINITION 93

room temp

TERM 94

cartridge bubbles

DEFINITION 94

1-2mm okay

TERM 95

hygienist law

DEFINITION 95

formal training, direct supervision, cannot induce.

relative contraindications to nitrous

pregnancy, COPD (loss of hypoxic drive), psychotic pt (esp.

paranoid), nasal congestion, prior med w/ sedative drugs,

within 4hrs after large meal, drug abusers

TERM 97

stages of anesthesia

DEFINITION 97

analgesia, excitement stage, surgical anesthesia, respiratory

paralysis

TERM 98

anesthetic affects

DEFINITION 98

the ascending midbrain reticular activating system,

decreasing the activating influence on the cerebral cortex

TERM 99

nitrous may cause

DEFINITION 99

amnesia

TERM 100

stage 1

DEFINITION 100

analgesia, mild to deep sedation, no delay in responses in

plane 1, pulse and BP may reduce as a result of lowered

anxiety, may not like euphoria, BP and rulse rise as stage 2 is

approached, may become rigid in plane 3