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Pharmaceutics- Important notes Differentiate between suppositories and pessaries. Differentiate between Ointment and paste Define and classify Jellies Jellies :- Jellies are transparent or translucent non-greasy, semisolid preparation for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. Types of Jellies : (i)Medicated Jellies :- these are chiefly used on mucous membrane & skin for their spermicidal, local anaesthetic& antiseptic properties. These jellies contain sufficient water. After evaporation of water, jellies provide a local cooling effect & residual film gives protection. (ii)Lubricating jellies :- These are used a lubricating agent for catheters, rubber gloves, thermometers. These jellies should be sterile. (iii) Miscellaneous jellies :- these are used as vehicle for allergens during sensitivity testing or as electro- cardiography jelly applied on electrode to reduce electrical resistance between patients skin and the electrode. Enlist tests for identification of Emulsion type. Explain any one with neat diagram. Tests for identification
- Dilution Test
- Dye Test
- Conductivity Test-
- **Fluorescence Test
- Cobalt Chloride Test
- Dilution Test** - Emulsion diluted with water i)Emulsion remains stable then it is o/w emulsion ii)Emulsion break it is w/o emulsion Emulsion diluted with oil i)Emulsion remains stable then it is w/o emulsion ii)Emulsion break it is o/w emulsion 2) Dye Test - Emulsion diluted with scarlet red dye i)Dispersed globules appear red & background is colourless then it is o/w type ii) Dispersed globules appear colourless& back ground is red then it is w/o type. 3) Conductivity Test - This type of emulsion show bulb glowing on passing electric current. If bulb glow the emulsion is o/w type If bulb does not glow the emulsion is w/o type
Define shampoo. Describe the formulation of shampoo. Definition: Shampoos are used as a preparation containing surface active agents which are used toremove dirt ,grease from the hair without affecting natural gloss of the hair and help to keep hair fragnant,lustrous ,soft and manageable. Formulation of Shampoo:
1. Conditioning Agent:- used to lubricate the hair & improve the texture of hair & it reduces the fluffiness & make the hair soft &shiny .e.g. Lotion & its derivatives, Glycerin, Propylene Glycol 2. Thickening Agents:- Use to increase the viscosity of shampoo & provide desired consistency.e.g. Polyvinyl alcohol, Methyl cellulose, Na Alginate 3. SolubilizigAgent :- Used to solubilize poorly soluble subs .e.g. ethyl alcohol, glycerol, PG. 4. Opacifying Agents:- used to make shampoo opaque. e.g. glycerol, glyceryl stearate, stearyl alcohol. 5. Preservatives: - used to preserve the shampoo against bacteria or mould. e.g. Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben. Define cachets, explain its types and write the disadvantages of it. Definition : - Cachets are the solid Unit dosage form of drugs. These are moulded from rice paper, used to enclose nauseous or disagreeable Powders andare available in different sizes to hold drugs from 0.2 to 1.5 gm of powders. Types: Wet sealed: A wet seal cachet is made up of two similar convex halves having flat edges. The weighed quantity of powdered drug is placed in one half, the edges of the other half are moistened with water and placed exactly over the first half containing the drug. The flat edges of both the halves are pressed together in order to seal it perfectly. Dry sealed: Dry seal cachets consists of two halves, the upper half and the lower half. The diameter of the upper half is slightly larger than the lower half. The powdered drug is filled in lower half and upper half is fitted over it. The filled cachets are then sealed in a machine by pressing the two halves, removed and packed in boxes. Disadvantages :
- They have to be soften before swallowing
- They are easily damaged
- They cannot protect drug from light and moisture
- The shell is very fragile
- They cannot be manufactured on large scale Differentiate between flocculated and deflocculated suspension Define Dentifrices and explain the formulation additives used in dentifrices withexamples. Definition: Dentifrices are the preparations meant to be applied to the teeth with a help of tooth brush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surface of the teeth **Additives:
- Abrasive agents:** The abrasive agents such as calcium sulphate, magnesium carbonate, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride are used in fine powder. A strong abrasive substance should however not to be used as it may damage the tooth structure. 2) Detergents: They contain a suitable detergent or soap. Soap removes the debris from surface of tooth by the mechanism of emulsification 3)Binders: Binders are used to keep the solids and liquids in the united form and to maintain the consistency. Ex. gum tragacanth ,sodium alginate, methyl cellulose etc. 4) Humectants: Humectants are added to prevent the drying of preparation. Ex. Glycerin, propylene glycol, etc. 5) Preservatives:
Explain the incompatibilities in prescription.
Define term posology? Give factors affecting posology?
Give the different formula for dose calculation?
