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Demonstration and Research Pest
Control Latest Update Graded A+
Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act ✔✔FIFRA
"any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating and pest" ✔✔Pesticide
"any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant." ✔✔Pesticide
Pesticides that are generally more acutely toxic and inhibit a vital physiological process. ✔✔Broad spectrum
Broad spectrum insecticides that inhibit cholinesterase - an enzyme in animal nervous systems. ✔✔Organophosphates and carbamates
Broad spectrum herbicides that inhibit a key reaction in photosynthesis. ✔✔Triazines
There is a trend away from broad spectrum pesticides and toward ______ pesticides which are aimed at certain metabolic action sites, and sometimes, certain pest organisms. This almost always results in products with reduced risks toward pesticide handlers and non-target organisms. ✔✔specialized activity
A highly specific pesticide with minimal non-target organism impact is _____ which disrupt insect growth, egg production, and caste differentiation in some social insects. ✔✔Insect growth regulators
A highly specific pesticide with minimal non-target organism impact is the insecticidal bacterium _____ which is highly selective against certain insect pests. ✔✔Bacillus thuringiensis
A highly specific pesticide with minimal non-target organism impact is the selective _____ which inhibits synthesis of vital amino acids only in certain plants. ✔✔sulfonylurea herbicides
The movement, dissipation, degradation, and accumulation of pesticides in the biosphere. ✔✔Environmental fate
Pesticides reach the soil through these three routes _____ ✔✔intentional application, spills, drift, and contaminated precipitation.
Soil mineral surface area can range from a _____ to a _____ square meters per liter. ✔✔few hundred to a few thousand
EPA has established the _____ and the _____ for the level of pesticides in ground water. ✔✔MCL (maximum contaminant level) and the HAL (health advisory level)
is the combination of a substance's inherent toxicity and the amount of exposure to that product. ✔✔Risk
Toxic substances may enter the body through these four routes ____ ✔✔skin, mouth, eyes, or respiratory system.
is the damage a substance can do during a one-time exposure. ✔✔Acute toxicity
is the standardized way we measure toxicity and it is the Lethal Dose required to kill 50% of the laboratory test animals. ✔✔LD
Lethal dose is usually measured in _____ of toxicant per _____ of body weight and they vary for the same species depending on route of entry, ex dermal vs. oral. ✔✔milligrams per kilogram
is the lethal concentration and it is used for toxicants in water and air. It is measured in mg/L. ✔✔LC
Signal words for a 'highly toxic' pesticide are _____ and these are dangerous at _____ mg/kg. ✔✔(skull/crossbones) & Danger-Poison, 0-50 mg/kg
Signal words for a 'moderately toxic' pesticide are _____ and these are dangerous at _____ mg/kg. ✔✔Warning, 50-500 mg/kg
Signal words for a 'slightly toxic' pesticide are _____ and these are dangerous at _____ mg/kg. ✔✔Caution, 500-5000 mg/kg
Signal words for a 'relatively non-toxic' pesticide are _____ and these are dangerous at _____ mg/kg. ✔✔Caution, >5000 mg/kg
is the dose required to get a negative response and it implies existence of a No Effect Level (NOEL). ✔✔Dose Response Concept (DRC)
is the belief that a single molecule of an oncogenic agent may be enough to induce some cancers and this invalidates the NOEL. ✔✔One-hit theory
One part per trillion equals _____ ✔✔one grain of salt in an olympic sized swimming pool.
is the study of the occurrence and distribution of disease, mortality, or other adverse effects in populations and their relationship to contributing or associated factors. Unlike toxicology, it examines normally-occurring hazards, not ones artificially applied by a researcher. ✔✔Epidemiology
are studies in which the investigator separates populations according to their degree of exposure to some risk factor and then observes these populations for adverse effects. ✔✔Prospective/forward epidemiological studies
are studies in which the investigator separates populations according to adverse effects and then looks for associated factors. ✔✔Retrospective/backward epidemiological studies
management practices that aim at keeping pests at economically insignificant levels. ✔✔Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
The era of reliance on synthetic pesticides began about the time of _____ ✔✔WW
organisms that become a problem after key parasite and predator species are killed. ✔✔Secondary pests
aims at using cultural methods that discourage pests or interfere with their reproduction, by using selected or genetically engineered resistant crop plants, by conserving beneficial predator or parasite species, and by using pesticide applications that are strategically applied for maximum benefit and minimal harm. A parallel task is discouraging chemical resistance in pests. A central assumption is that a low level of pests are tolerable. It is rarely a substitute for pesticides, rather used to enhance their effectiveness or lower their overall use. ✔✔IPM
Bt was registered in _____ and is in _____ pesticide products. ✔✔1993, 178
One goal of _____ is to deliver pesticides, when necessary, in a manner that they provide the best and longest-lasting benefit with the underlying goal of reduced overall use. ✔✔IPM
is the point at which damage caused by the pest equals or exceeds the cost of controlling it. ✔✔Economic Injury Level (EIL)
is the point at which treatment is justified to prevent the pest population from reaching the EIL. ✔✔Economic Threshold (ET)
Sometimes the ET is zero due to _____ so this facilitates chemically-intensive farming practices. ✔✔consumer bias (people do not want to buy fruits and vegetables with pest damage)
is genetic changes in pest populations in response to selection pressure from pesticides which allow the pest to survive pesticide applications at recommended rates. Survivors pass on proportionally more and more resistant genes to each generation. ✔✔Pesticide resistance
is resistance to one chemical gives resistance to other, structurally similar compounds. ✔✔Cross resistance
is resistance to many, even structurally different, compounds because of the existence of many genetically-controlled resistance mechanisms. ✔✔Multiple resistance
There are now at least _____ species of insects, mites, fungi, and weeds with measurable levels of chemical resistance. ✔✔ 685
IPM practitioners must conserve susceptible genes in pest populations. This decreases _____ that favors the resistant genes. ✔✔selection pressure
The less genes involved in the physical functions that the pesticide interferes with, the _____ the selection pressure on those genes and the _____ resistance develops. ✔✔greater, faster
Integration of methods in IPM means that multiple strategies are used to control pests thereby _____ selection pressure and _____ resistance. ✔✔reducing, slowing
since they were considered _____ pesticides. Often these were for smaller acreage specialty crops such as blueberries and squash. ✔✔discontinued, "minor use"
is a federally funded program that funds research needed to re-register pesticides for these minor- use crops. The project awards grants to researchers to supply data needed to reregister to the EPA. This has kept many minor use pesticides from being lost. ✔✔IR-
Section 24(c) AKA Special Local Need (SLN) or State Labels of FIFRA permits ✔✔states to register federally registered pesticides for additional uses that are not listed on the label.
Permits states to register federally registered pesticides for additional uses that are not listed on the label. ✔✔Section 24(c) AKA Special Local Need (SLN) or State Labels of FIFRA
A state may register a pesticide for use on a food or feed crop only if _____. ✔✔there is a federal tolerance or exemption for that crop and EPA has not previously denied, disapproved, or canceled registration for that use.
The request for a 24(c) exemption can come from _____ or _____. ✔✔growers or Extension agents
is an emergency exemption that allows a pesticide to be used that has not been registered (but is on track to be so) due to registration taking too long to control the pest. ✔✔Section 18
Section 18 exemptions are requested by the _____ to the _____. Use is determined for a specific time and place. ✔✔commissioner of agriculture, EPA
Registrations are canceled by the EPA _____ years after the last registration date if they are not renewed. It can be cancelled by EPA before then if needed and after a hearing. Until then it can be manufactured, sold, and used as normal. ✔✔five
_____ can be issued against a pesticide and they are final after five days unless the registrant asks for a hearing. Final decision must be made seven days after hearing. These orders are subject to judicial review. ✔✔Suspensions
A _____ may be issued if it is determined that a pesticide poses an unreasonable risk to man or the environment. ✔✔special review process
includes any worker that would handle or otherwise come into contact with pesticides or pesticide treated areas. Requires employers to post treated areas, put up pesticide safety posters
is section 409 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and it applies to processed foods. It calls for zero tolerance for residues of carcinogenic pesticides in processed foods. In 1988 EPA adopted the 'negligible risk standard' which is defined as a one in one million chance of dying from cancer from exposure to pesticides over 70 years. In 1992 the US Supreme Court upheld it. ✔✔The Delaney Clause
defines laboratory practices in order to ensure that pesticide data submitted to the EPA is reliable. It applies to field and laboratory research. ✔✔Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
Experimenters working with registered pesticides may dispose of pesticide concentrate, rinsate, and containers according to _____. ✔✔regular recommendations detailed in the Core Manual
Commodities experimentally treated with pesticides for which there are no EPA tolerances must be _____ at the end of the study. ✔✔destroyed
