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Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Chapter 10Personality

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Defining Some Terms

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Personality: A person’s unique and relatively stablebehavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, havebeen, and will become

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Character: Personal characteristics that have beenjudged or evaluated

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Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality,including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability

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Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows inmost situations

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Personality Type: People who have several traits incommon

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Figure 10.1^ FIGURE 10.

Personality types are defined by the presence of several specific traits. For

example, several possible personality traits are shown in the left column. A person who has aType A personality typically possesses all or most of the highlighted traits. Type A persons areespecially prone to heart disease (see Chapter 11).

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Figure 10.2^ FIGURE 10.

English psychologist Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) believed that many personality

traits are related to whether you are mainly introverted or extroverted and whether you tend tobe emotionally stable or unstable (highly emotional). These characteristics, in turn, are related tofour basic types of temperament first recognized by the early Greeks. The types are:melancholic (sad, gloomy), choleric (hot-tempered, irritable), phlegmatic (sluggish, calm), andsanguine (cheerful, hopeful).

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Gordon Allport and Traits

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Common Traits: Characteristics shared by mostmembers of a culture

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Individual Traits: Describe a person’s unique personalqualities

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Cardinal Traits: So basic that all of a person’s activitiescan be traced back to the trait

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Central Traits: Core qualities of a personality

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Secondary Traits: Inconsistent or superficial aspects of aperson

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Trait Theories

• Trait theorists aim to describe personality

with a small number of traits or factors

• Personality trait—stable quality a person

shows across most situations

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Raymond Cattell and Traits

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Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areasof personality

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Source Traits: Underlying traits of a personality; eachreflected in a number of surface traits

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Cattell also created

16PF

, personality test

• Gives a “picture” of an individual’s personality

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Figure 10.3 FIGURE 10.

The 16 source traits measured by Cattell’s 16 PF are listed beside the graph.

Scores can be plotted as a profile for an individual or a group. The profiles shown here are groupaverages for airline pilots, creative artists, and writers. Notice the similarity between artists andwriters and the difference between these two groups and pilots.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Figure 10.4 FIGURE 10.

The Big Five. According to the five-factor model, basic differences in personality

can be “boiled down” to the dimensions shown here. The five-factor model answers theseessential questions about a person: Is she or he extroverted or introverted? Agreeable or difficult?Conscientious or irresponsible? Emotionally stable or unstable? Smart or unintelligent? Thesequestions cover a large measure of what we might want to know about someone’s personality.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Traits and Situations

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Trait-Situation Interactions: When externalcircumstances influence the expression of personalitytraits

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Behavioral Genetics: Study of inherited behavioral traits

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Psychoanalytic Theory and Sigmund Freud, M.D.

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Freud was a Viennese physician who thought hispatients’ problems were more emotional than physical.

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Freud began his work by using hypnosis and eventuallyswitched to psychoanalysis.

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Freud had many followers: Jung and Adler, to name afew.

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Freud used cocaine and tobacco and died from oralcancer.

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More than 100 years later, his work is still influential andvery controversial

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Some Key Freudian Terms

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Psyche: Freud’s term for the personality

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Libido: Energy

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Eros: Life instincts

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Thanatos: Death instinct

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Id •

Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving,irrational, and totally unconscious

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Works on Pleasure Principle: Wishes to have its desires(pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without waiting andregardless of the consequences

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Ego^ •

Executive; directs id energies– Partially conscious and partially unconscious– Works on Reality Principle: Delays action until it is

practical and/or appropriate