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The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table

History

History

„ „

Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev

taught chemistry in terms of taught chemistry in terms of

properties. properties.

„ „

Mid 1800 Mid 1800 -

molar masses of elements molar masses of elements

were known. were known.

„ „

Wrote down the elements in order of Wrote down the elements in order of

increasing mass. increasing mass.

„ „

Found a pattern of repeating properties. Found a pattern of repeating properties.

Mendeleev

Mendeleev

s Table

s Table

„ „

Grouped elements in columns by Grouped elements in columns by similar

similar

properties properties in order of increasing

in order of increasing atomic

atomic

mass. mass.

„ „

Found some inconsistencies Found some inconsistencies -

felt that felt that

the properties were more important than the properties were more important than

the

mass, so switched order.

the

mass, so switched order.

„ „

Found some gaps. Found some gaps.

„ „

Must be undiscovered elements. Must be undiscovered elements.

„ „

Predicted their properties before they Predicted their properties before they

were found. were found.

The modern table

The modern table

„ „

Elements are still grouped by properties. Elements are still grouped by properties.

„ „

Similar properties are in the same Similar properties are in the same

column. column.

„ „

Order is in increasing atomic number. Order is in increasing atomic number.

„ „

Added a column of elements Mendeleev Added a column of elements Mendeleev

didn didn’

’t know about.

t know about.

„ „

The noble gases weren The noble gases weren’

’t found because

t found because

they didn they didn’

’t react with anything.

t react with anything.

„ „

Horizontal rows are called periods Horizontal rows are called periods

„ „

There are 7 periods There are 7 periods

„ „

Periods represent the electron Periods represent the electron

energy levels energy levels

„ „

Elements are placed in columns by Elements are placed in columns by

similar properties. similar properties.

„ „

Vertical columns are called groups Vertical columns are called groups

„ „

Also called families Also called families

The

The group B

group B are called the

are called the

transition metals

transition metals

u

These are called the inner transitionmetals and they belong here

u

Also called the rare Earth metals

„ „

Group 1A are the alkali metals Group 1A are the alkali metals

„ „

Group 2A are the alkaline earth metals Group 2A are the alkaline earth metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

„ „

Less reactive then Alkali metals family Less reactive then Alkali metals family

„ „

Have Have two

two valence electrons

valence electrons

„ „

Lose their valence electrons to form Lose their valence electrons to form

ions with a +2 charge ions with a +2 charge

„ „

Group 7A is called the Halogens Group 7A is called the Halogens

„ „

Group 8A are the noble gases Group 8A are the noble gases

Noble Gases

Noble Gases

„ „

Do not react Do not react

„ „

Will not form compounds (except under Will not form compounds (except under

very rare circumstances) very rare circumstances)

„ „

They are They are inert gases

inert gases because inert

because inert

means non means non-

reactive reactive

Metals and Nonmetals

Metals and Nonmetals

„ „

A zigzag line separates the metals from A zigzag line separates the metals from

the nonmetals the nonmetals

„ „

Lanthanide and Actinide Series Lanthanide and Actinide Series

elements (ones at the bottom) are elements (ones at the bottom) are

Metals Metals

„ „

Metalloids, which straddle the line, are Metalloids, which straddle the line, are

considered non considered non-

metals metals

Properties of Metals

Properties of Metals

‰

Metals are good

conductors of heat andelectricity ‰

Metals are malleable

‰

Metals are ductile

‰

Metals have high

tensile strength ‰

Metals have luster

Examples of Metals

Examples of Metals

Potassium, K reacts withwater andmust bestored inkerosene

Zinc, Zn,

is

more stablethan potassium

Copper, Cu,

is a relatively soft

metal, and a very good electricalconductor.

Mercury, Hg

, is the only

metal that exists as aliquid at room temperature