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U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics
Offender-Based Transaction Statistics
,-
Patterns of Robbery and
Burglary in 9 States, 1984-
By Jacob Perez, Ph.D. BJS Statistician
In number and In seriousness, robbery and burglary account for a large part of the crimes committed In the United States.
From 1984 through 1988, the 205,
rrests for robbery reported by 9 States
ccounted for over 29% of the almost
700,000 reported arrests for crimes of
violence In those States. The 362,
arrests for burglar~1 were over a third of
all reported arrests for property crimes.
During 1984, the 9 States charged
126,501 arrestees with violent crimes,
including robbery. They also charged
208,629 arrestees with a crime against
property, Including burglary. Four years
later, In 1988, these totals were 146,
and 210,118, respectively.
The nine States - Alaska, California, Delaware, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia- voluntarily submitted data under the Offender-Based Transaction Statistics (OBTS) program.
Among the findings about robbery and burglary from oeTS were the following:
- The median time between arrest and sentencing for a robbery was 4 months
and for a burglary, 3 months. About 89%
of the robberies and 93% of the burglaries
ere processed by the criminal justice
. ystem within 1 year. - Of nearly 1.5 million prosecutions report- ed In this study, more than 1 in 4 resulted In a court dismissal or acqUittal, and almost 3 In 4, with a conviction.
November 1992
Robbers and burglars exact heavy losses and suffering from their victims. The most numerous of the offenses that the public considers to be the most serious, many robberies and burglaries also fund Illegal drug purchases. A cogent argument can be made that controlling the incidence of these two crimes would strike at the heart of criminal behavior in the United States.
This report analyzes the Offendor Based Transaction Statistics program data to provide some basic statistics from nine States of varying sizes and regions. In addition to presenting out- comes of felony arrests, average time to disposition, and offenders' demo- ·graphic characteristics, the report draws on multiple charges and case changes to examine the dynamics of the process and the nature of the arrest offenses.
Steven D. Dillingham, Ph.D., LL.M. Director
- About 1 In 5 conviction offenses (19%)
resulted in probation. Additionally, 13%
resulted in a monetary sanction, a deferred sentence, or a completely suspended sentence as the most severe penalty.
o A majority of persons arrested for robbery or burglary were males under age
30. Most arrested for robbery were black
(63%), and most arrested for burglary,
white (64%).
" As the cases moved through the criminal justice process toward a final disposition,
98% of the arrests for violent offenses
were disposed of as violent offenses, and 97%, of property arrests remained In the property category. Both robbery and burglary arrests were disposed of as the
same offense 71 % of the time. While
about 8% of the Initial robbery charges
were changed during the process to
another violent crime category, about 20%
were changed to a property crime.
Introduction to OBTS
The data for this report were obtained from nine States under the Offender-Based Transaction Statistics (OBTS) program. The OBTS data contain arrest reports for which readable fingerprints of arrested felons were submitted to the State criminal history If.lposltory. OBTS captures data on the final dispositions of adult offenders who had been arrested for one or more felony offenses. A case is not included until the final disposition, which may occur a year or more after the arrest, according to the workload, decisions, and priorities of the courts and prosecutors. Overall, about
66% of the processed cases began during
the same calendar year and 28% of the
arrests took place in the preceding year,
while the remaining 5% were at least 2
years old.
The case record st'ucture distinguishes among offenders, Incidents, and charges. The offender can be uniquely identified using an encrypted identification number, which can also be used to ilnk Incidents from previous years. Th8 system is also
--~-------------------------
Incident-based and each Incident is Identified with an Incident number which Is used to condense records In multlple- charge cases. In the latter situation, the program collects the most serious arrest charge as well as the most serious actlcn by the police, prosecutor, or grand Jury, and court disposition, and the sentence associated with the most sb~loup conviction.
Definitions of robbery and buvglary
The number of offenders convicted of robbery and burglary and the seriousness of the offenses make them important crimes for study. Together, the two of-
fensss comprised about a third of ,.li felony
arrests reported for violent and property
crimes In the nine States between 1984
and 1988. The two offenses also account-
ed for a large percentage of all sentences to prison, an Indicator of their seriousness. Although the number of offenders convict- ed of assault, larceny, or drug offenses may be several times that of persons convicted of robbery or burglary, the per- centage of robbers and burglars sentenced
to prison Is greater. In 1988, for example,
compared to robbery, only convictions for homicide or rape had a higher percentage of offenders sentenced to prison.
Law enforcement agencies, businesses, and homeowners expend a large amount of resources to safeguard life and property from ,robbers and burglars. Moreover, these two crimes are often used to finance
drug habits of the offenders.^1
In a formal definition, robbery Is the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is In the immediate posses- sion of another, by force or the threat of
force. As the 1990 Uniform Crime Report
of the FBI stated, "... the impact of this violent crime on Its victims cannot be measured In terms of monetary loss alone. While the object 01 robbery is to obtain money or property, the crime always Involves force or threat of force, and many
victims suffer serious personal injury." Because robbery cases Involve both a threat of force and loss of property, a high percentage of robbery Incidents may
i See Drug Uso and Crimo, BJS Special Report. NCJ- 111940, July 1988, p. 7 and Drugs and Jail/nmatos, 1989, BJS Special Rilpor~ NCJ-130836, AU9ust 1991, p. 9. Of the convlcteci jail Inmates In the 1989 survey, 32% of the robbers and 31% of the burglars reported commlttJng their offense to get money to buy drugs. Overail, 13% of the Inmates said that they had committed their crime for money to buy drugs. 2FBI Crimoln tho United SlalRs, 1990, p. 19.
arrested for violent offenses, excluding
about 206,000 arrests for robbery.
tM
Include multiple charges such as assault with a dangerous weapon, assault with Intent to rob, or a weapon offense.
An estimated 8% to 10% of robbery Incidents also contain charges that fit the definition of burglary.3 The OBTS procedure for condensing Incidents with multiple charges requires that the one most serious charge be carried on the record, so that In these cases the con- densed record would Indicate a robbery.
The percentage of robbery defendants •
sentenced to serve time In prison (23%)
Burglary can be defined as the unlawful entry of a structure, with or without force, with intent to commit a felony or theft. When a burglar breaks Into a person's dwelling, that Invasion may violate the vic- tim's sense of security and Increase the feeling of vulnerability. These costs to the victim, though not quantifiable, may be as Important as the property losses.
Felony arrest dispositions
Is more than twice the percentage (11 %)
convicted of other violent offenses such as assault, murder, manslaughter, rape, and other sexual assault. Burglars, too, were more likely than other property offender~
to recf/ive a prison term, 17% versus 8%.
Other property offenses include theft or larceny, motor vehicle theft, fraud, alson, and possessing or selling stolen property.
Overall, for the reporting States, the prose- cutions and sentences to Imprisonment
were quite e~ablt:l during the period 1984 to
1988. While convictions for violent crime
including robbery decreased by 5 percent- age points, incarcerations showed a modest increase for property crime
including burglary (3%).
From 1984 to 1988, of the more than 1.
million persons with dispositions of felony arrests In the 9 States, approximately
362,000 were charged with burglary and
697,000 were charged with other property
crimes (table 1). Over 489,000 were
JRobbery Viclims, B.IS Special Report. NCJ-1046S8, April 1987.
More than four-fifths of all property and violent crime arrests in the nine States were prosecuted; three-fifths of the defendants were convicted; and two-fifths received a sentence to jail or prison. The specific offenses of robbery and burglary had higher percentages of prosecution, conviction, and Incarceration than other • violent and property offenses, respectively.
Table 1. Disposition of felony arrests In 9 States, 1984-
Percent of ~ersons arrested Number Sentenced to Arrast of persons Prose- Con- incarceration offense arrested cuted (^) victed Total Prison
Ail violent and property offenses 1.754,469^8 83% 60% 41% 12% 1984 335,130 84 62 40 12 1988 356.209 83 58 41 12 Robbery 205,630 83% 55% 44% 23% 1984 39.633 84 59 45 25 1988 40,822 83 53 42 22
Other '1i~ei1t offenses 489,052 79% 51% 31% 11% 1984 86,868 81 54 32 11 1988 105,269 79 49 31 10 Burglary 362,352 88% (^) 71% 55% 17% 1984 74,303 88 72 53 16 1988 67,757 88 71 56 17 Other property offenses" 697,435 84% 62% 3!l% 8% 1984 134,326 85 63 37 7 1988 142,361 83 61 40 9
8Represents the total of ali arrests from 1984 through 1988 but excludes 42,551 court-disposed offenses. Delaware, Nebraska. and Virginia failed to report police dispositions. blncludes murder, manslaughter, rape or other sexual assault, and assault. 81ncludes theft or larceny. fraud, motor vehicle theft. arson, and stolen property offenses.
Examining the Interactions among the three factors - arrest offense, whether the disposed offense was a felony or misdemeanor, and time to dlsposition- clarifies the relationship between serious- ness and length of processing time. The more serious crimes were processed more slowly, but only at first; the difference between the distributions for felonies and misdemeanors Is negligible after the first few months (table 2 and figures 2 and 3).
Robbery arrest cases that required a month from arrest to dlsposlton accounted for 11 % of the felonies and 26% of the misdemeanors, a difference of 15 percent- age points; for burglary arrests, the differ- ence between felonies and misdemeanors was 19 percentage points. At the 6-month mark, the differences between felony and misdemeanor dispositions had decreased to 3 percentage points for robbery (63% and 66%) and to 5 points for burglary (73% and 78%).
Adjudication
Of the approximately 1.5 million persons prosecuted In the 9 States from 1984 to 1988, courts convicted 72% and dismissed the cases of 27%, Including acquittals and nolle prosequi (table 3). Other forms of nonconvlctlon such as civil or unspecified dispositions aGcounted for the remaining 1% of all prosecutions. Prosecutions for property crime, and especially fOl burglary, were more likely to result in convictions (74% and 81%, respectively) than were prosecutions for robbery (66%) or other violent crime (65%).
Sentencing
Of the more than 1.7 million persons arrested for a violent or property felony In the 9 States, more than 1 million were convicted (table 4). Over two-thirds of the sentences Imposed on offenders were to prison or Jail, and the remaining third of the sentences were to some form of nonincar- cr 'atlon such as probation or monetary sanctions.
The specific offenses of robbery or bur- glary had higher percentages of sentences to local jailor State prison than did the general categories of other violent and property offenses. Of offenders arrested for robbery and convicted of some crime, 79% were sentenced to incarceration; of burglary arrestees who were convicted,
Eft
arres';ed for burglary were sentenced to prison.
78%. Just over 60% of the offenders arrested for and convicted of a violent or property crime other than robbery or bur- glary were sentenced to Incarceration. For every convicted offender arrested for a violent offense other than robbery and sentenced to prison, 2 offenders arrested for robbery were sentenced to prison.
Based on offense at conviction, the overall • pattern of types of sentences was essen- tially the same as the one for offense at arrest except that the differences were more pronounced (table 5). The percent- For every offender arrested for a property crlma other than burglary and sentenced to prison, slightly fewer than 2 offenders
ages of offenders sentenced to jail or prison for the specific offenses of robbery (88%) and burglary (86%) were even
Table 3. DispOSition of felony cases prosecuted In 9 StRtee, 1984-
Number Percent of persons prosecuted Arrest of persons whose cases reSUlted in: oHanse prosecuted Total Conviction
All violent and property oHenses 1,462,033^ 100% 72% Robbery 171,284 100 66 Other violent oHenses 388,001 100 65 Burglary 320,014 100 81 Other property oHenses 582,734 100 74
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. ':ncludes 23,039 acquittals and 27,251 cases of nolie prosequi.
Table 4. Sentence type, by arrest offense In 9 States,
Nonincarceration
Dismissal'
27% 33 35 18 24
1984-
Other
1%
1 2
Arrest Numberof sentences Othel
Sentences to incl:1rceration oHense convictions Total Probation" Total Jail
All violent and property oHenses 1,048,828 32% 19% 13% 68% 48% Robbery 113,434 (^21 13 8 79 ) Other violent oHenses 247,656 38 21 18 62 41 Burglary 257,126 22 15 7 78 54 Other property oHenses 430,612 37 22 15 63 50
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Sentences given were no~ necessarily for the oHense at arrest or for a felony.
Prison
21% 42 21 23 13
"Includes probation without verdict. blncludes 63,185 monetary sanctions. It also inc'~des sentencing deferred or Mtire sentence suspended.
Table 5. Sentence type, by conviction offense In 9 States, 1984-
Non Incarceration Conviction Number of sentences Otherb^
Sentences ~o Incarceration oHense convictions Total Probation" Total (^) Jail Prison
All violent and property oHenses 911,488 28% 20% 8% 72% 49% 23% Robbery 71,809 12 12 1 88 25 63 Other violent oHenses 200,341 34 22 12 66 43 23 Burglary 152,962 14 12 2 86 49 37 Other property oHenses 486,376^32 23 10 68 55 Note: The OBTS program lists 18 possible sentencing categories, which were reduced
to 4 categories based on sanction severity. Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. 'Sentences of ·probation without verdicr are imposed at the court·disposition level, not at the sentencing level. These dispositions are included In both probation and conviction counts. ,--b,nc,u_d_e_s_m_on_e_ta_ry_s_a_n_ct_io_ns_,re_s_tit_ut_lo_n,s_u_sp_e_nd_e_d_s_en_t_en_c_es_,_a_nd_u_n_s_pe_c_ifi_ed_s_e_n_te_nc_e_s.______-' •
higher than for offenders Identified by the arrest offense. Among convicted offenders
- Identified by conviction offense, 63% of _ those convicted of robbery and 37% of . those convicted of burglary were sen- tenced to prison. The ratios of robbers to offenders convicted of other violent crimes and of burglars to offenders convicted of other property crimes were both about 1 to 3.
Demographic chSfacterlstlcs
The majority of persons arrested for violent or property offenses and reported In the nine States were male (86'7'0), white (58'7'0), and under age 30 (67'7'0) (tables 6 and 7). Except for age, the characteristics of the arrestees did not change appreciably during the 5-year period. Men predom- Inated among persons arrested for any felony, but especially for robbery (92'7'0) and burglary (90%). The larger percent- age of women was among those arrested for property offenses (21 %). Fifty-eight percent of the felons in this study were white, 40% were black, and 1% were Native Americans, Asians, or Pacific Islanders; however, persons arrested for robbery or burglary differed sharply in their
racial composition. For robbery arrests, there were 2 blacks to 1 white; for burglary arrests, 2 whites to 1 black.
The age distributions for robbery and burglary arrestees were similar. Fifty-eight percent of thoDe arrested for robbery were under age 25, followed closely by burglary arrestees with 54%. These percentages were substantially higher than those for other violent offenses (36'7'0) or even other property offenses (43%). For felons age 40 or older, persons arrested for robbery and burglary accounted for 4% and 5%, respectively, as opposed to other violent and other property crimes with 15% and 10%, respectively.
Age was the only demographic charac- teristic that changed appreciably from 1984 to 1988. Overall, the arrestees In 1988 were somewhat older than those of 4 years earlier. In 1988, 46% of robbery arrestees and 51% of burglary arrestees were over age 24; in 1984, 39% and 43%. The percentages within the 25-and-over group Increased 3 points (62% to 65%) for violent offenses excluding robbery and stayed the same for property offenses excluding burglary (56% in 1984 and 1988).
Seriousness and mUltiple charges
Although the OBTS system Is limited to felonies cleared by arrest, It does allow for some variation In the seriousness of crime starting with the prosecution segment. The
Table 6. Sex and race of persons arrested for a felony In 9 States, by arrest offense, 1984-
P&iCent of [!ersons arrested ior a felon;t Arrest Sax Race offense Total Male Female White Black (^) Other
All Violent and proparty offenses 100% 86% 140/0 580/0 400/0 1~{' Robbery (^100 92 8 36 63 ) Other violent offenSes 100 89 1 t (^56 40 ) Burglary (^100 90 9 64 ) Other property offenses 100 79 21 61 36
Note: The sex, race, and age of persons arrest€·!j for felonies were reported In 99.10/0, 970/0, Wld 97.7% of the cases, respectively. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
Table 8. Level of court-disposed offense for robbery and burglary In 9 States, 1984-
Level of court- (^) Incarceration disposed offense Prosecution Conviction Total Prison
Robbery Felony 129,964 66.1% 57.10/0 36.60/ Misdemeanor 30,792 65.5 43.0. Other 7,415 92.4 18.1. Burglary Felony 211,769 80.90/0 68.30/0 27.80/ Misdemeanor 86,164 83.5 56.7. Other 12,278 93.3 22.8.
categorization of felony/mlsdemeanor/ local ordinance violation, a rudimentary measure of crime seriousness, Is recorded for court-disposed offenses.
A group of 30,792 robbery defendants (or 18.30/0 of those with a known court- disposed offense of robbery) had charges reduced from felony to misdemeanor, and another 7,415 accused robbers (or 4.4%) were prosecuted under city or county ordinances out of the total number of cases where the lavel of court disposed offense was known (tables 8 and 9). The felonies of 86,164 arrested burglars (27.8%) were reduced to misdemeanors, and another 12,278 (or 4%) were prose- cuted under city or county ordinances. Thus, less than a fourth of the felony arrests for robbery but almost a third of the arrests for burglary were disposed of as lower-level offenses.
Table 7. Age of persona arrested for a felony In 9 States, by offense, 1984-
Percent of arrestees, b;t age Arrest Under 20- 25 30- 40 or offense Total 20 24 29 39 over Violent and property offenses 1000/0^ 180/0^ 280/0^ 210/0^ 230/0^ 100/ (^1984 100 17 30 21 21 ) (^1985 100 19 28 20 21 ) (^1986 100 18 28 21 22 ) 1987 100 17 27 22 24 10 (^1988 100 17 26 22 25 ) Robbery 1000/0 260/0 320/0 210/0 170/0 40/
1984 100 28 33 19 16 4 (^1985 100 29 32 19 16 ) 1986 100 25 32 21 18 4 1987 100 23 32 22 19 4 1988 100 24 30 22 20 4 Other violent offenses 1000/0 110/0 25% 22% 260/0 150/ (^1984 100 11 28 22 25 ) 1985 100 13 27 22 24 14 1986 100 11 26 22 26 15 1987 100 11 25 22 27 15 1988 100 11 23 22 28 15 Burglary 1000/0 230/0 310/0 210/0 200/0 50/
1984 100 23 34 20 18 5 (^1985 100 26 32 20 18 ) 1986 100 24 31 21 19 5 1987 100 22 30 22 21 6 1988 100 21 28 22 23 6 Other property offenses 1000/0^ 160/0^ 270/0^ 210/0^ 240/0^ 10~~ (^1984 100 15 29 22 24 ) 1985 100 18 28 21 23 10 (^1986 100 17 28 22 24 ) (^1987 100 17 27 21 25 ) 1988 100 18 26 22 25 10
the Attorney General's Criminal History Record Improvement program to make systemic Improvements in the quality and
e.
timeliness of State criminal history Inform a- ,. tion throughout the country. It Is antici-
pated that one byproduct of this effort will be increased State participation in OBTS and general Improvement in the quality and
completeness of the data submitted.
To ensure comparability among States, the OBTS standards use the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) offense codes. To preserve privacy, an OBTS record uses as personal identifiers only an encrypted Identification number (to permit study of repeat offenders), sex, race, and age.
OBTS data are based on the year of final disposition, not on the year of arrest. Thus, an OBTS year includes arrests that occurred in an earlier year. A final disposi- tion refers to either a decision not to prose- cute or a trial court finding, not to an appeal.
Bureau of Jus\ice Statistics Special Reports are prepared prinCipally by the staff of BJS. This Special Report was Written by Jacob Perez. Pheny Z. Smith provid~ld statIstical review. Tom Hester edited the report. Marilyn Marbrook and Jayne Pugh produced the report.
November 1992, NCJ-
The Bureau of Justice Statistics is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the National Institute of Justice. the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crlma.
--New from BJS
The following titles are available from the Bureau of JUstice Statistics Clearinghouse, Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850, telephone tali-free 1-800-732-3277.
- Oct. 1992 - Criminal victimization 1991 (Bulletin), NCJ-
- Oct. 1 ;92 - Capital punIshment 1991 (Bulletin), NCJ-
- Oct. 1992 - Elderly victims (Special Report), NCJ-
- Oct. 1992 - Prisoners a/ midyear 1992 (press release), NCJ·
- Oct. 1992 - National Corrections Reporting Program 1989, NCJ-
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- Sept. 1992 - Drunk driving: 1989 Survey of Inmates of Local Jails (Bulletin), NCJ-
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- Sept. 1992 - Federal criminal case processing, 1980-90, with preliminary data for 1991. NCJ-
&._*
- Sept. 1992 - State justioe sourcebook of statistics and researoh, NCJ-
.. Sept. 1992 -- Sourcebook of crIminal justice statistics, 1991, NCJ-
- July 1992 - Drug enforcement and treatment in prisons, 1990 (Special Report), NCJ-
- July 1992 - Criminal hIstory record information: CompendIum of State privacy and security legislation, 1992, NCJ-
- July 1992 - Correctional populations in the United States, 1990, NCJ-
- July 1992 - Crime and the Nation's households, 1991 (Bulletin), NCJ-
- July 1992 - BJS national update, July 1992, NCJ-
- June 1992- Jailinmates, 1991 (Bulletin), NCJ-
- June 1992 - Federal sentencing in transition, 1986-90: Federal offenses and offenders (Special Report), NCJ-
- June 1992 - Report of the National Task Force on Criminal History Record Disposition Reporting, NCJ-
- June 1992 - Census of State and Federal correctional facilitIes, 1990, NCJ-
- June 1992 - CrIme victimization in city, suburban, and rural areas, NCJ-
- May 1992- State drug resources: A national directory. NCJ-
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