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Download PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 MOST TESTED EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS VERIFIED and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
For example, a 28-year-old woman has been sick with the flu for the past week, vomiting several times every day. She is having a difficult time keeping solids and liquids down, and has become severely dehydrated. After fainting at work, she was taken to a walk-in clinic, where an IV was placed to help rehydrate her. Arterial blood was drawn first, revealing the following: pH- 7.50, PacCO2- 40, HCO3- 32. How would you classify this patients acid-base stauts? - correct answers-pH- 7.50- base PaCOQ2- 40, normal HCO3- 32- base - metabolic alkalosis, non-compensating What is an example of naturally acquired passive immunity? - correct answers-the placental transfer of IgG from the mother to the fetus What is an example of an artificially acquired adaptive immune response? - correct answers-vaccines T/F: Helper T cells can only respond to antigens complexed with MHC class 2 proteins? - correct answers-true What is the difference between a congenital and hereditary disease? - correct answers-hereditary disease- means there is a problem with the genes @ fertilization congenital disease- means the genes @ fertilization were normal; in utero change What are the causes for hereditary and congenital malformations? - correct answers-- intrauterine injury to embryo or fetus - environmental factors - chromosomal abnormalities - abnormalities of individual genes At what stage do all the major organ systems develop in an embryo? - correct answers-week 3-8; embryonic period What are the causes of intrauterine injury? - correct answers-- harmful drugs and chemicals - radiation - maternal infections What does nondisjunction mean? - correct answers-failure of homologous chromosomes in germ cells to separate What is a monosomy? - correct answers-absence of a chromosome ina cell What is a trisomy? - correct answers-presence of an extra chromosome in a cell What is deletion? - correct answers-chromosome breaks apart during meiosis, and broken piece is lost What is translocation? - correct answers-misplaced chromosome, or part of it, attaches itself to another chromosome What is turner syndrome? - correct answers-a chromosomal disorder in which a female is only born with one X chromosome characteristics: - can cause developmental problems, such as height or failure for the ovaries to develop What is triple X syndrome? - correct answers-an abnormality resulting in an extra X chromosome in some females What is Klinefelter syndrome? - correct answers-a genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome characteristics: - can cause the formation of breasts and minimal facial or body hair What is the disease called when there is a trisomy on chromosome 18? - correct answers-edward's syndrome characteristics: - baby is small in size - clenched fists; fingers overlapping - some baby's die within the first few days of having this disease; or they can die in the uterus Genetically transmitted disease? - correct answers-result from abnormalities of individual genes on the chromosomes What is a mutation? - correct answers-permanent change in the genetic material that may occur spontaneously or after exposure of a cell to radiation, certain chemicals, or viruses What is multifactorial inheritance? - correct answers-combined effect of multiple genes interacting with environmental agents What is an amniocentesis? - correct answers-detection of chromosome abnormality by taking amniotic fluid for studying; usually performed between the 14-18th week of pregnancy What is chorionic villi? - correct answers-frond-like structures that form part of the placenta and attach to the lining of the uterus; small catheter is inserted through the cervix where fetal cells are obtained for evaluation; can be performed between the 8-10th week of pregnancy The functional unit of the lung is the? - correct answers-alveolus This yeast-like fungus is often found as part of the normal microbiota in the respiratory tract of many mammals including humans. It often causes pneumonia in individuals who are immunocompromised. What is it? - correct answers-pneunocystis jiroveci Asthma? - correct answers-characteristics: - mucus plug with trapped inflammatory cells - goblet cell metaplasia - inflammatory cell infiltrate in submucosal layer - thickened basement membrane - thickened airway smooth muscle - normal parenchymal attachments Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn? - correct answers-is treated by giving the mother corticoidsteroids 24 hours prior to delivery, is common to babies born to mothers with diabeties, is often seen in premies T/F: Breast cancer causes more mortality in females than does lung carcinoma? - correct answers-false According to your text, what percentage of all lung cancer is attributable to smoking? - correct answers- 87% The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled after a maximum inhalation? - correct answers-vital lung capacity Incomplete expansion of the lung due to either obstruction or compression? - correct answers- atelectasis Common term for inflammation of the lung? - correct answers-pneumonia SARS and MERS have been shown to be caused by this unusual microorganism? - correct answers- coronovirus A test for immunity to tuberculosis using intradermal injection of tuberculin? - correct answers-mantoux test Condition where the alveolar walls are destroyed and the air spaces enlarge? - correct answers- emphysema Toxic shock syndrome? - correct answers-is associated with tampon use, is most often caused by staphylococcus aureus bacteria Human papilloma virus? (HPV) - correct answers-causes condylomas, is linked to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, strains 16 and 18 are most associated with the development of cervical cancer T/F: Most ovarian cancers are endometrial carcinomas? - correct answers-true A disorder where uterine endometrium is found outside of the uterus? - correct answers-endometriosis Painful menstruation? - correct answers-dysmenorrhea Inflammation of the oviducts? - correct answers-salpingitis A benign tumor of the ovary that produces excess estrogen? - correct answers-thecoma An example of a barrier method of birth control? - correct answers-diaphragm Hormones secreted by the placenta include? - correct answers-human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin, progesterone A pregnant female aborts a fetus at 21 weeks. This is her second pregnancy. Her first pregnancy was normal and uneventful and she delivered a healthy baby girl at 39 weeks of gestation. It is determined that the mother is Rh negative and the aborted fetus was Rh positive. What is the diagnosis? - correct answers-erythroblastosis fetalis The fertilized ovum? - correct answers-zygote The embryonic contribution to the placenta? - correct answers-chorion The endometrium of pregnancy? - correct answers-decidua Too little amnionic fluid? - correct answers-oligohydramnios Aneoplastic proliferation of trophoblast associate with formation of large cystic villi? - correct answers- hydatidiform mole Urethritis is due to which bacteria? - correct answers-neisseria gonorrhoeae Testicular cancer? - correct answers-can produce AFP, most frequently develops between ages 30 and 40, often produces hCG Erectile dysfunction may be caused by? - correct answers-surgical damage to penile nerves, decreased arterial flow into the corpus cavernosa, hypertension medications that target the autoimmune system Backup of urine from the bladder into the ureter? - correct answers-vesicoureteral reflux Enlargement of the prostate gland that may cause obstruction of the urethra? - correct answers-BPH Congenital malformation in which the opening of the urethra is located on the dorsum of the penis? - correct answers-epispadias Hidden testis? - correct answers-cryptorchism Often used as a screening blood test in prostatic cancer? - correct answers-prostatic specific antigen (PSA) What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity? - correct answers-innate immunity- what you are born with adaptive immunity- what you get exposed to after birth Why is erythema important in inflammation? - correct answers-increase of blood flow Why is heat important in inflammation? - correct answers-increase of temperature to kill bacteria Why is swelling important in inflammation? - correct answers-the function of exudate Why is pain important in inflammation? - correct answers-for knowing something is wrong What are the outcomes of inflammation? - correct answers-- regeneration - repair - areas of destruction is replaced by scar tissue - mediators intensify inflammatory process - mediators generate more mediators What is the mediator in chronic inflammation? - correct answers-histamine What are the chemical mediators of inflammation? - correct answers-histamine- a vasodilator, heparin, serotonin, prostoglandins- stimulate pain receptors, leukotrienes What are the mediators of blood plasma? - correct answers-bradykinin- shows up 24-48 hours after injury; stimulate pain receptors, complement proteins- enhance inflammation What are the harmful effects of inflammation? - correct answers-tissue injury results What is exudate? - correct answers-fluid mixture of protein, leukocytes, and tissue debris Serous exudate? - correct answers-primarily fluid, little protein - indicates early inflammation Purulent exudate? - correct answers-pus - indicates a bacteria infection Fibrinous exudate? - correct answers-thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content - indicates more advanced inflammation What are adhesions? - correct answers-bands of fibrous tissue that bind adjacent tissues together Hemorragic? - correct answers-exudate that is blood What is an abscess? - correct answers-infection associated with breakdown of tissues, formation of pus What is septicemia? - correct answers-blood poisoning Pathogenic? - correct answers-capable of producing disease Virulence? - correct answers-a measure of severity of disease Host? - correct answers-affected individual or animal What are the factors that influence the outcome of inflammation? - correct answers-virulence of the organism, number of invading organisms, host resistance What is chronic infection? - correct answers-state where the pathogenic organism and the host are evenly matched What are the predominent cells of chronic inflammation? - correct answers-lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes/macrophages An decreased level of potassium in the blood? - correct answers-hypokalemia For example, a 14-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis has complained of an increased cough productive of green sputum over the last week. She also complained of being increasingly short of breath, and she is noticeably wheezing on physical examination. Arterial blood was drawn and sampled, revealing the following values: pH-7.30, PaCO2- 50, HCO3- 24. How would you classify this girl's acid-base status? - correct answers-pH- 7.30, acid PaCO2- 50, acid HCO3- normal - respiratory acidosis For example, a 76-year-old man complained to his wife of severe sub-sternal chest pains that radiated down the inside of his left arm. Shortly afterward, he collapsed on the living room floor. Paramedics arriving at his house just minutes later found him unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. CPR and electroconvulsive shock were required to start his heart beating again. Upon arrival at the Emergency Room, the man started to regain consciousness, complaining of severe shortness of breath (dyspnea) and continued chest pain. His breathing was labored, his pulses were rapid and weak everywhere, and his skin was cold and clammy. An ECG was done, revealing significant "Q" waves in most of the leads. Blood testing revealed markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels of cardiac muscle origin. Arterial blood was sampled and revealed the following: pH- 7.22, PaCO2- 30, HCO3- 2. How would you classify this - correct answers-pH- 7.22, acid PaCO2- base HCO3- acid - metabolic acidosis For example, an elderly gentleman is in a coma after suffering a severe stroke. He is in the intensive care unit and has been placed on a ventilator. Arterial blood gas measurements from the patient reveal the following: pH- 7.50, PaCO2- 30, HCO3- 33. How would you classify this patients acid-base status? - correct answers-pH- 7.50, base PaCQ2- 30, base HCO3- acid - respiratory alkalosis; partially compensating Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells? - correct answers-nucleus Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells? - correct answers-cytoplasm What is the sequence of mitosis? - correct answers-1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4, telophase 5. (cytokinesis) What happens during prophase? - correct answers-each chromosome shortens and thickens, spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane breaks down What happens during metaphase? - correct answers-chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, chromosomes separate but remained joined What happens during anaphase? - correct answers-chromatids separate to form individual chromosomes, which are pulled to opposite poles of the cell What happens during telophase? - correct answers-nuclear membrane of two daughter cells form, cytoplasm divides Does mitosis produce haploid or diploid cells? - correct answers-diploi copy of the parent cells ; daughter cells are the exact Does meiosis produce haploid or diploid cells? - correct answers-haploid; with half the genetic material as the parent cells T/F: Meiosis is the sex cells, while mitosis is the somatic cells? - correct answers-true What is gametogenesis? - correct answers-process of producing gametes All of the following are true concerning sex-linked disease except for? - correct answers-a. fathers can only pass the trait to their sons b. a heterozygous female will not express the trait c. fathers can only pass the trait to their daughters d. mothers can only pass the trait to either of their offspring answer: a Huntington's disease is an inherited disorder that destroys neurons later in life. It is inherited by? - correct answers-an autosomal dominant inheritance Which of the following is/are reasons for doing an amneosentesis or chronic villi sampling? - correct answers-a. maternal age greater than 35 b. determine if placenta is developing correctly c. determine the fetus' gender d. all of the above answer: a Give an example of the first line of defense in immunity? - correct answers-mechanical clearance What mode of inheritance does hemophilia have? - correct answers-sex-linked inheritance "royal family" What functions to clear the lower airways of the respiratory system? - correct answers-coughing A condition where the vertebra fail to fuse resulting in a hole in the vertebral column? - correct answers- spina bifida What is the function of MHC class 1 cells? - correct answers-self markers MHC class 1 cells could also be called? - correct answers-CD8+ cells MHC class 2 cells could also be called? - correct answers-CD4+ cells T/F: T and B lymphocytes are both made in the bone marrow? - correct answers-true T/F: B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow, and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus? - correct answers-true What are helper T cells? - correct answers-effector T cells that regulate other cells of the immune response by the release of numerous cytokines What are cytotoxic T cells? - correct answers-seek out and destroy abnormal body cells What are regulatory T cells? - correct answers-effector T cells that regulate immune system by establishing a balance between promoting and inhibiting the immune response Cytotoxic T cells could also be called? - correct answers-CD8+ cells Helper T cells could also be called? - correct answers-CD4+ cells T/F: cytotoxic T cells can only respond to antigens complexed with MHC class 1 proteins? - correct answers-true Where are MHC class 2 proteins found? - correct answers-on professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes What is the function of MHC class 2 cells? - correct answers-to present foreign antigens to other cells IgE antibody? - correct answers-found primarily on the surface of mast cells; "allergy" IgD antibody? - correct answers-found on cell membrane of B lymphocytes IgA antibody? - correct answers-found in tears, saliva, breast milk and other bodily secretions; monomer in blood IgM antibody? - correct answers-responsible for primary immune response IgG antibody? - correct answers-only immunoglobin that will cross the placental barrier - disadvantage: mom is rh negative and fetus is rh positive What are antibodies? - correct answers-globular proteins produced by plasma cells What is the Fab region of the antibody? - correct answers-antigen binding fraction What is the Fc region of the antibody? - correct answers-constant fraction; identifies which of the 5 classes we have What is an example of artificially acquired passive immunity? - correct answers-giving us the antibodies 
