






Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome? Initial reaction-Fight or flight, physiological response to stress. Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine are released) (The sympathetic nervous system)The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and some norepinephrine. The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, increase in sympathetic nervous system, reduce resistance to stressors. 2. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings
Typology: Exams
1 / 12
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Initial reaction-Fight or flight, physiological response to stress. Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine are released) (The sympathetic nervous system)The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and some norepinephrine. The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, increase in sympathetic nervous system, reduce resistance to stressors.
Increased heart rates, breathing rate and blood sugar, pupils dilate.
Etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations and treatment implications.
Primary- Does not have the disease and is trying to prevent it, vaccines. Secondary Disease detection- testing, Tertiary- Trying to prevent problems from the disease or problem. Treatment and rehabilitation, medications, reduce the risk for complications.
Catecholamines include neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and cortisol
Through the cell membrane and mainly by osmosis
sweating, breathing, urination, feces, blood loss. Excess fluid or sodium losses, nephrosis, Diabetes 1 & 2, burns, wounds, ascites, effusions, water pill excess and osmotic diuresis.
Through the interstitial fluids (edema), intravascular space (blood) and transcellular space (joints, we removed it) Inadequate fluid intake, output via sweating, urinations, respiration and defecation, dehydration vomiting, diarrhea and hemorrhage.
cerebral edema
Absence of urine, decreased skin turgor, hard stools and rapid thread pulse, thirst, altered LOC, hypotension and hypovolemic shock, tachycardia, flat jugular veins, dry mucus membranes, oliguria, weight loss, sunken fontanelles (infants)
Insulin helps move potassium in and out of the cell and Epiepherine(I mentioned 2 but I stressed one main hormone in the webex lecture)
Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and they have a Calcium has an inverse relationship with phosphorus and a synergistic relationship with magnesium. When calcium levels go up, phosphorus goes down, and vice versa. Calcium needs magnesium to fully function as well as
Module 2
Immunity from actually having the disease or getting the vaccine. Develop immunity through having the disease. Long lasting. Maturation of memory B cells.
Cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites. (Spreading to other parts of the body quickly)
Patient that looks really sick, overall weight loss (skin to bone), generalized weakness, malnutrition (muscle wasting syndrome), loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, increased metabolic rate.
New rapid cellular growth, spreads quickly (metastasis), fatal, highly undifferentiated, abnormal cell growth, decrease in functionality invade local tissues and migrate to distant sites and kill host Risk factors for cancer- family history (genetics), gene mutations, aging, smoking, sun exposure, HPV, chronic inflammation asbestos.
Fewer RBC, platelets, and WBC (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)
Varied in size and shape, many undifferentiated, Mitosis increased and atypical. New rapid growth spreads quickly (metastasis), fatal, highly undifferentiated, abnormal cell growth, decrease in functionality invade local tissues and migrate to distant sites and kill host Risk factors for cancer- family history (genetics), gene mutations, aging, smoking, sun exposure, HPV, chronic inflammation asbestos.
Initiation- involves the exposure of the cell to a substance or event. Promotion- involves the mutated cells’ exposure to factors (e.g., hormones, nitrates, or nicotine) that promote growth. Initiation of uncontrolled growth. Progression- the tumor invades, metastasizes (spreads), and becomes drug resistant. This final phase is permanent or irreversible.
include two major types that work to destroy antigens—regulator cells and effector cells.
memory cells or immunoglobulin-secreting (antibody) cells; eliminate bacteria, neutralize bacterial toxins, prevent viral reinfection, and produce immediate inflammatory response.
Bilateral symmetric polyarthritis involving smaller joints (hands, wrist, knees, feet elbows, and shoulders) Malaise, fatigue, and diffuse musculoskeletal pain Swelling, Swan neck, Boutonniere deformity in joint. Autoimmune disorder.
Water therapy (whirlpool, water aerobics), acupuncture, tai chi and yoga (activities that work directly on strengthening your bones and provide cardiovascular benefits)
Disturbance of purine metabolism, excessive build up; acute episodes caused by uric acid crystals in joints. (Hyperuricemia). Common in the big toe or lower extremities. Painful.
is a condition characterized by a progressive loss of bone calcium that leaves the bones brittle. It occurs with age, decline in bone mass, from hormonal changes, especially in women at menopause age, Deficient intake of protein, vitamin C, and vitamin D as well as excessive intake of phosphorus. Individuals who have had gastrointestinal procedures such as a gastrectomy or gastrointestinal bypass are at particular risk of developing osteoporosis because of the nutritional deficits that often occur as a result of these surgeries.
Turn patient every 2 hrs, get patient out of bed into a chair, keep vulnerable areas clean and dry, avoid over sedating the patient, look for malnutrition with albumin and prealbumin (measures how long nutrition has been bad)
Amputation, necrosis, muscle damage, nerve damage, 5 P’s, numbness & tingling
Pain. Pressure. Paresthesia (numbness). Paralysis. Pulselessness.
A group of myopathies that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. Abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. Mainly in men by 5-6 & most will eventually need to use a wheelchair by 12-14; lifespan is often shortened 20-30s.
A disorder characterized by widespread chronic musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, tenderness, sleep, memory and mood issues.
Most common; occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones wears over time. Can damage any joint, but most common in weight bearing joints like knees, hips and spine. Not autoimmune or inflammatory
processed, the antigen is presented to the T cells (usually helper or cytotoxic cells), resulting in the release of cytokines that cause inflammation and antigen destruction. These reactions can cause severe tissue injury and fibrosis. Examples of type IV reactions include tuberculin skin testing, transplant reactions, and contact dermatitis. Treatment for type IV reactions is disease specific. No antibodies involved (IgG, IgM, IgE)
Complete- Bone is broken into two or more pieces. Incomplete-Bone is partially broken, ex: Greenstick fracture. Open or compound-Skin is broken, and bone sticks out. Damage to skin and infection can occur. Closed -Skin is intact Impacted-When one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone. Pathologic-Weakness in the bone from secondary condition, osteoporosis Stress-Repeated excess stress, usually on the tibia, femur and metatarsals Depressed- Piece of skull breaks off and is forced inward toward the brain.
Two causes of hyponatremia? Fluid volume excess, Excessive fluid intake, too much salt intake. Occurs in the intravascular compartment. Sodium imbalance primary physical assessment is the heart. Osteomalasia is the adult form of rickets, bone softening from not enough vitamin D calcium or phosphate deficiency. Improper nutrition. Leaves the bones weak and soft. Anaplasia-Lack of differentiated features in a cancer cell
Cells need glucose for energy Negative feedback loop-counteracts changes in the body to regain homeostasis. Pathogenesis- How the disease develops and evolves. Facilitated diffusion uses a carrier molecule. Intracellular fluid-Inside the cell Extracellular fluid-outside the cell Fluid build up in the interstitial compartment causes edema. Intravascular- Fluid in the bloodstream Transcellular fluid- fluid in compartment (joint) Isotonic-equal amounts on both side of the cell Hypertonic- Higher solute concentration, fluid shifts in the cell Hypotonic-Lower solute concentrations, fluid shifts out of the cell Aldosterone-Regulates blood pressure, increases reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidneys. Helps to hold sodium in the kidneys. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide-Releases when there is fluid overload-Triggers the kidneys to release the excess fluid-suppresses Aldosterone. Water intoxication occurs in which part of the cell? Intracellular space, inside the cell Ischemia-Decrease in the amount of blood flow going to tissue. Hypoxia-Decrease in oxygen going to a cell or a tissue/organ. Hypoxemia-Decrease of circulatory oxygen in the blood. Metaplasia- the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
. Injury that occurs when blood flow is diminished to tissue is called Ischemic injury. The activities of the cell are directed by which cell structure? The Nucleus A metastatic tumor is one that: has spread to a location away from its site of origin. Eccrine glands , which are also known as merocrine glands, secrete sweat through skin pores in response to the sympathetic nervous system. Apocrine glands open into hair follicles in the axillae, scalp, face, and external genitalia. G.A.S 3 STAGES 1-Alarm stage-initial reaction 2-Resistance- adaptation Limit stressor 3- Exhaustion Adaptation failingdisease develops. Innate defense barriers- Defenses we are born with-skin, (chemicals saliva), has an immediate response. 1-Inflammatory response- Vascular reaction. Triggered by mast cells- Manifestations are erythema, edema, warmth heat and pain. 2-Pyrogens- Fever producing molecules in response to bacteria-produced by macrophages and creates a hostile environment for the bacteria.