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Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Exam, Exams of Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Exam

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 06/07/2024

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Module 1
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Exam
1. What is allostasis?
The ability to successfully adapt to changes, orchestrated by the brain, maintains
and reestablishes homeostasis.
2. Understand the difference between sequela and complication
Sequela is a disease or condition which is caused by an earlier disease or problem
while complication is the act or process worsening of a condition or disease process.
3. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
Fight or flight response -- the purpose is to restore balance
4. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings would the patient in the
fight or flight stage present with? (Select All)
Enhanced myocardial contractility
Increased heart rate
Bronchodilation
Elevated blood glucose levels
5. The four components of Pathophysiology (Select all)
Etiology - study of causes
Pathogenesis - development/evolution of disease
Clinical manifestations - signs/syndromes/symptoms
Treatment implications
6. Prevention stages of disease- eg. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
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Module 1

Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Exam

  1. What is allostasis? The ability to successfully adapt to changes, orchestrated by the brain, maintains and reestablishes homeostasis.
  2. Understand the difference between sequela and complication Sequela is a disease or condition which is caused by an earlier disease or problem while complication is the act or process worsening of a condition or disease process.
  3. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome? Fight or flight response -- the purpose is to restore balance
  4. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings would the patient in the fight or flight stage present with? (Select All) Enhanced myocardial contractility Increased heart rate Bronchodilation Elevated blood glucose levels
  5. The four components of Pathophysiology (Select all) Etiology - study of causes Pathogenesis - development/evolution of disease Clinical manifestations - signs/syndromes/symptoms Treatment implications
  6. Prevention stages of disease- eg. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

a) Primary- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons - like wearing a face Mask during Covid b) Secondary: early detection, screening and management of disease -like getting a screening mammogram or colonoscopy c) Tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability and restoring effective functioning- like helping a stroke patient getting physical therapy to get back on their feet.

  1. What compounds (2) does the body release during stress? Cortisol and catecholamines
  2. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed? osmosis
  3. How extracellular fluid become depleted Dehydration (also sweat, diarrhea, and vomiting) Burns, Diuretic meds, Kidney failure
  4. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia Central Pontine Myelinolysis
  5. Symptoms of dehydration Symptoms of dehydration are decreased skin turgor, lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope upon standing, flat neck veins when supine, rapid/thread pulse, confusion, lethargy, absence of sweat and tears, hard stools, thirst, hypovolemic shock.
  6. Cause of edema Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
  7. What hormones assist with potassium distribution (I discussed 2 main hormones in the chapter 24 webex lecture) Aldosterone, insulin, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids
  8. Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of which electrolytes (I discussed 2) Sodium and potassium
  9. The energy currency of a cell and role the mitochondrion plays in this currency The energy currency of a cell is ATP and mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma viscosity (PV) blood tests are commonly used to detect an increase in protein in the blood. In this way they are used as markers of inflammation.

  1. What is metastasis? Cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites. They escape basement membranes, travel through extracellular space, and Penetrate in the basement membrane.
  2. What is cachexia? Overall weight loss and generalized weakness that may have resulted from toxins released by cancer cells. Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting Increased metabolic rate
  3. Lymph node locations (where do they feel the most if inflammation is present)? (Select All) Neck, groin, axillae, thorax, abdomen
  4. What are the properties of cancer cells? (Select All) Cancer cells grow and divide at an abnormally rapid rate, are poorly differentiated, and have abnormal membranes, cytoskeletal proteins, and morphology.
  5. The effects of bone marrow suppression in cancer patients (We discussed 3 of these in chapter 7) Drop in blood cell counts causing anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
  6. The primary function of bone marrow

Hematopoiesis carried out by RBC

  1. Identify examples of types of malignant cells (Select All) lymphoma, hepatoma, melanoma, carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia
  2. What is osteosarcoma? extremely malignant bone forming tumor in adolescent and young adults Develop in a metaphysical region of long bones. May cause limb pain, compromised joint function
  3. Steps in carcinogenesis May be divided into at least three stages: initiation, promotion, and progression.

Module 3

  1. What is Rheumatoid arthritis? An autoimmune inflammatory disease
  2. Rheumatoid arthritis clinical manifestation? (Select all) Bilateral symmetric polyarthritis involving smaller joints (hands,wrist,elbows,shoulders) Malaise, Fatigue, and diffuse musculoskeletal pain Swelling in hands Swan neck deformity in fingers
  3. Conditions which result from excessive immune response

Keep bed covering off feet

  1. Complications of compartment syndrome Muscle loss, infection, nerve damage, amputation, and possible kidney damage
  2. The 5 P’s of compartment syndrome Pain, Paralysis, Parasthesia, Pallor, and Pulselessness
  3. Complication of a fracture DVT, Pulmonary Embolism
  4. What is muscular dystrophy A group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. Abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. Person usually gets progressively weaker and will most people eventually need to use a wheelchair; lifespan is often shortened
  5. What is Fibromyalgia A disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues
  6. Neurotransmitter destroyed by antibodies with patients diagnosed with Myasthenia Gravis. Acetylcholine
  7. What is osteoarthritis Most common type of arthritis; occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones wears down over time. Can damage any joint, but most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.
  8. Clinical manifestation of shingles Pain, burning, numbness or tingling; sensitivity to touch, red rash that begins a few days after the pain starts, itching, fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over.
  9. What is atopic dermatitis? (Eczema) A condition that makes your skin red and itchy; chronic and tends to flare frequently