Pathophysiology Exam 1 Sample Questions and Answers, Exams of Pathophysiology

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Pathophysiology Exam 1 Sample Questions and answers p

A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell: a. number b. size c. vacuoles d. lipofuscin - Correct Answers: B. Size During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred to as what type of atrophy? a. Physiologic b. Pathologic c. Disuse d. Neurogenic - Correct Answers: A. Physiologic When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy which is an: a. increase in size b. decrease in length c. increase in excitability d. decrease in number - Correct Answers: A. Increase in size A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaption is called: a. anaplasia b. hyperplasia c. metaplasia d. dysplasia - Correct Answers: C. Metaplasia When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of:

c. ischemia d. chemical toxicity - Correct Answers: C. Ischemia A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process? a. Adaptation b. Calcification c. Apoptosis D. Necrosis - Correct Answers: D. Necrosis Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: a. decreased ATP production b. karyorrhexis c. ribosome detachment d. dehydration - Correct Answers: A. Decreased ATP production The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: a. increased aerobic metabolism b. failure of DNA c. reduced protein synthesis d. increase Na+ - K+ pump function - Correct Answers: C. Reduced protein synthesis A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once blood flow is returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurs as a result of: a. oxidative stress b. vacuolation c. decreased intracellular calcium d. lipid acceptor proteins - Correct Answers: A. Oxidative stress

A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, tinnitus, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the most likely expression for these symptoms? a. Lead exposure b. Carbon monoxide poisoning c. Ethanol exposure d. Mercury poisoning - Correct Answers: B. Carbon monoxide poisoning A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involved increased intracellular: a. sodium b. potassium c. magnesium d. calcium - Correct Answers: D. Calcium A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for? a. Subdural hematoma b. Epidural hematoma c. Contusion d. Abrasion - Correct Answers: A. Subdural hematoma A 20-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a jagged sharp-force injury that is longer than it is deep. What type of wound would the nurse be caring for? a. Stab wound b. Incised wound c. Puncture wound d. Chopping wound - Correct Answers: B. Incised wound A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot wound to the head. The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments. This wound would be documented as a(n):

b. Increased hemoproteins c. Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA d. Inability to convert bile to bilirubin - Correct Answers: C. Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA A 23-year-old male develops a black eye following a fight. When the aide asks why this occurred, the nurse's best response is that the bruising is due to an accumulation of: a. transferrin b. bilirubin c. albumin d. hemosiderin - Correct Answers: D. Hemosiderin Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because: a. debris is not digested by hydrolases b. of protein naturation c. it is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids d. ischemia results in chemical injury - Correct Answers: C. It is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids A 2-year-old swallowed watch batteries. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and the heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause? a. Karyorrhexis b. Coagulative necrosis c. Ammonia accumulation d. Caseous necrosis - Correct Answers: B. Coagulative necrosis A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate, On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which of the following is the most likely cause? a. Coagulative necrosis b. Liquefactive necrosis c. Caseous necrosis

d. Autonecrosi - Correct Answers: C. Caseous necrosis A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostrifium bacteria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death? a. Fat necrosis b. Wet gangrene c. Gangrenous necrosis d. Gas gangrene - Correct Answers: D. Gas gangrene While read a textbook, a student reads the term apoptosis. The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: a. atrophy b. die c. regenerate d. age - Correct Answers: B. Die A 50-year-old male intravenous drug user is diagnoses with hepatitis C. Examination of the liver reveals cell death secondary to: a. fat necrosis b. physiologic apoptosis c. infection-induced apoptosis d. pyknosis - Correct Answers: C. Infection-induced apoptosis What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? a. It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury b. It is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes c. Disease, unlike aging, has a genetic component d. Aging is defined as exceeding life expectancy, but not maximal life span - Correct Answers: A. It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury

A patient has been reading on the internet that light to moderate intake of alcohol is cardioprotective. When the patient asks the nurse what this means, the nurse should respond that the heart is protected by which of the following mechanisms? (SATA) a. Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol b. Prevention of clot formation c. Reduction in platelet aggregation d. Decrease in blood pressure e. Increased collateral circulation f. Decreased folate absorption - Correct Answers: A. Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol B. Prevention of clot formation C. Reduction in platelet aggregation D. Decrease in blood pressure After ingestion of lead, what organ systems should the nurse monitor because they are the most sensitive to the effects of lead? (SATA) a. Heart b. Lungs c. Liver d. Kidneys e. Brain f. Hematopoietic - Correct Answers: D. Kidneys E. Brain F. Hematopoietic A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments? A. Intracellular fluid (ICF) b. Extracellular fluid (ECF) c. Interstitial fluid

d. Intravascular fluid - Correct Answers: D. Intravascular fluid A 35-year-old male weighs 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is considered the total volume of body water? a. 5 L b. 10 L c. 28 L d. 42 L - Correct Answers: D. 42 L While planning care for elderly individuals, the nurse remembers the elderly are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have: a. a higher total body water volume b. decreased muscle mass c. increased thirst d. an increased tendency toward developing edema - Correct Answers: B. Decreased muscle mass Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with: a. a high-protein diet b. liver failure c. low blood pressure d. low blood glucose - Correct Answers: B. Liver failure Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by: a. osmotic forces b. plasma oncotic forces c. antidiuretic hormone d. buffer systems - Correct Answers: A. Osmotic forces

a. increased serum potassium b. increased plasma osmolality c. decreased renal blood flow d. generalized edema - Correct Answers: B. Increased plasma osmolality Which statement by the staff indicated teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? a. decreased plasma osmolality b. increased serum potassium levels c. increased blood volume d. localized edema - Correct Answers: C. Increased blood volume A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results? a. Decreased blood volume b. Decreased blood K+ levels c. Increased urine Na+ levels d. Increased white blood cells - Correct Answers: B. Decreased blood K+ levels A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: a. calcium b. sodium c. magnesium d. potassium - Correct Answers: B. Sodium A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected? a. Symptoms subside quickly

b. Increased ICF volume c. Decreased ECF volume d. Intracellular dehydration - Correct Answers: D. Intracellular dehydration Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: a. vomiting b. diuretic use c. dehydration d. hypoaldosteronism - Correct Answers: C. Dehydration Which of the following conditions would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? a. Excess aldosterone b. Acute acidosis c. Insulin usage d. Metabolic alkalosis - Correct Answers: B. Acute acidosis Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long-term potassium deficits? a. Central nervous system (CNS) b. Lungs c. Kidneys d. Gastrointestinal tract - Correct Answers: C. Kidneys A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition? a. Respiratory acidosis b. Constipation c. Hypoglycemia d. Laxative abuse - Correct Answers: D. Laxative abuse

a. retention of metabolic acids b. hypoaldosteronism c. excessive loss of chloride (Cl) d. hyperventilation - Correct Answers: C. Excessive loss of chloride (Cl) Which patient should the nurse assess for both hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A patient diagnoses with: a. diabetes insipidus b. pulmonary disorders c. Cushing syndrome d. renal failure - Correct Answers: D. Renal failure For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by: a. excreting H+ through the kidneys b. hyperventilating c. retaining CO2 in the lungs d. secreting aldosterone - Correct Answers: B. Hyperventilating Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis? a. Vomiting b. Hyperventilation c. Pneumonia d. An increase in noncarbonic acid - Correct Answers: c. Pneumonia A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help to confirm the diagnosis of: a. respiratory alkalosis b. metabolic acidosis c. respiratory acidosis

d. metabolic alkalosis - Correct Answers: C. Respiratory acidosis For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include: a. kidney excretion of H+ b. kidney excretion of HCO c. prolonged exhalations to blow off CO d. protein buffering - Correct Answers: a. Kidney excretion of H+ A 55-year-old female presents to her primary care provider and reports dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3. Which of the following is the most likely diagnoses? - Correct Answers: A. Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse expect? (SATA) a. Confusion b. Weakness c. Nausea d. Muscle twitching e. Increased reflexes - Correct Answers: A. Confusion B. Weakness C. Nausea D. Muscle twitching A public health nurse is teaching the community about health promotion. Which information should the nurse include for innate immunity? Innate immunity is gained: a. following an illness b. at birth c. via injection of specific antibodies d. in adulthood - Correct Answers: B. At birth

a. To provide specific responses toward antigens b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury - Correct Answers: C. To prevent infections of the injured tissue A child fell off a swing and scraped his right knee. The injured area becomes painful. What else will the nurse observe upon assessment? a. Vasoconstriction at injured site b. Decreased RBC concentration at injured site c. Pale skin at injured site d. Edema at injured site - Correct Answers: D. Edema at injured site A nurse recalls the mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory response through the process of: a. chemotaxis b. endocytosis c. degranulation d. opsonization - Correct Answers: C. Degranulation Which of the following individuals would be at the greatest risk for opportunisitic infection? a. 18-year-old with diabetes b. 70-year-old with congestive heart failure c. 24-year-old who is immunocompromised d. 30-year-old with pneumonia - Correct Answers: C. 24-year-old who is immunocompromised The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed: a. chemotaxis b. endocytosis c. margination

d. diapedesis - Correct Answers: A. Chemotaxis A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand? a. Eosinophils b. Neutrophils c. Leukocytes d. Monocytes - Correct Answers: B. Neutrophils The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: a. eosinophil b. neutrophil c. lymphocyte d. macrophage - Correct Answers: B. Neutrophil A 25-year-old female experience a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls aspirin relieves the headache by: a. decreasing leukotriene production b. increasing histamine release c. decreasing prostaglandin production d. increasing platelet-activating factor - Correct Answers: C. Decreasing prostaglandin production Which factor will help the nurse differentiate leukotrienes from histamine? a. Site of production b. Vascular effect c. Chemotactic ability d. Time of release - Correct Answers: D. Time of release A 25-year-old male is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to his left femur with extensive soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to: