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Download PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 PRACTICE PROBLEMS QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A+ LATEST and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
A patient is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver. Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to of the remaining liver cells. A. Metaplasia B. Organ atrophy C. Compensatory hyperplasia D. Physiologic hyperplasia - correct answers-C An older adult patient comes to the clinic complaining of not being able to do what he used to be able to. You know that normal changes associated with aging include: (Select all that apply.) A. Improved blood flow B. Slowed metabolic rate C. Decreased brain weight D. Improved nerve fiber conduction E. Less respiratory capacity - correct answers-B, C, E A 20-year-old college student has presented to her campus medical clinic for a scheduled Pap smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of: A. Changes in cell shape, size, and organization B. Presence of unexpected cell types C. Ischemic changes in cell sample D. Abnormally high numbers of cells - correct answers-A The parents of a 4-year-old girl have sought care because their daughter has admitted to chewing and swallowing imported toy figurines that have been determined to be made of lead. Which of the following blood tests should the care team prioritize? A. White blood cell levels with differential B. Red blood cell levels and morphology C. Urea and creatinine levels D. Liver function panel - correct answers-B Lead -> anemia, RBC lysis You know it's not A because there is no infection involved. C is focused on kidney function while D is focused on liver function. Both of these would be important in the case of lead poisoning BUT the priority answer is B, because you need first to address the most life-threatening patient needs. The little girl in this question can go into shock or suffer permanent organ damage if her RBCs are low. A patient with severe peripheral vascular disease has developed signs of dry gangrene on the great toe of one foot. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes most likely contributed to this diagnosis? A. Inappropriate activation of apoptosis B. Bacterial invasion C. Impaired arterial blood supply D. Metaplastic cellular changes - correct answers-B Remember that it's not C because to have gangrene, you must have infection Although stress exposure initiates integrated responses by multiple systems, the most important changes are first activated by which system? A. Pulmonary B. Gastrointestinal C. Socioeconomic status D. Gender E. Health status - correct answers-B, C, D, E "Ability to adapt to stress" = mediating factors! Slide 28 of this powerpoint Two people experience the same stressor yet only one is able to cope and adapt adequately. An example of the person with an increased capacity to adapt is the one with: A. A sense of purpose in life B. Circadian rhythm disruption C. Age-related renal dysfunction D. Excessive weight gain or loss - correct answers-A Back to mediating factors. Which of these things do you think would help a person deal with stress? Disruption in sleep cycle (B) will definitely not help, age-related renal dysfunction (C) is an indicator of poor health status which also would not help, and excessive weight changes (D) are also likely to cause more stress than alleviate it. The characteristic, localized cardinal signs of acute inflammation include: (Select all that apply.) A. Redness B. Fatigue C. Swelling D. Warmth E. Fever - correct answers-A, C, D The cellular stage of acute inflammation is marked by the movement of leukocytes into the area. Which of the following cells arrives first and in great numbers? A. Basophils B. Lymphocytes C. Neutrophils D. Platelets - correct answers-C Which of the following mediators of inflammation causes increased capillary permeability and pain? A. Serotonin B. Histamine C. Bradykinin D. Nitric oxide - correct answers-C An older adult patient has just sheared the skin on her elbow while attempting to boost herself up in bed, an event that has precipitated acute inflammation in the region surrounding the wound. Which of the following events will occur during the vascular stage of the patient's inflammation? A. Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces B. Chemotaxis C. Accumulation of leukocytes along epithelium D. Phagocytosis of cellular debris - correct answers-A Inflammatory exudates are a combination of several types. Which of the following exudates is composed of a large accumulation of leukocytes? A. Serous B. Purulent C. Fibrinous D. Hemorrhagic - correct answers-B Which of the following wounds is most likely to heal by secondary intention? D. Coagulation - correct answers-B Areport comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell: A. Number B. Size C. Vacuoles D. Lipofuscin - correct answers-B During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred to as atrophy. A. Physiologic B. Pathologic C. Disuse D. Neurogenic - correct answers-B When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: A. Increase in size B. Decrease in length C. Increase in excitability D. Increase in number - correct answers-A A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: A. Malnutrition B. Free radicals C. Ischemia D. Chemical toxicity - correct answers-C A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process? A. Adaptation B. Pathologic calcification C. Apoptosis D. Necrosis - correct answers-D A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which of the following is the most likely cause? A. Coagulative necrosis B. Liquefactive necrosis C. Caseous necrosis D. Autonecrosis - correct answers-C When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as present. A. Livor mortis B. Gangrene C. Algor mortis D. Rigor mortis - correct answers-D Which of the following is responsible for initiating clonal selection? A.B cells After a patient is exposed to a specific antigen, B cells will differentiate into: A.B cytotoxic cells B. Plasma cells C. Bursal cells D. Clonal equivalents - correct answers-B Direct effects of antibodies include (Select all that apply): A. Neutralization B. Agglutination C. Precipitation D. Phagocytosis E. Division - correct answers-A, B, C Directly, antibodies can affect infectious agents or their toxic products by ... Neutralization (inactivating or blocking the binding of antigen to receptors) Agglutination (clumping insoluble particles that are in suspension) Precipitation (making a soluble antigen into an insoluble precipitate) A 30-year-old male was diagnosed with HIV. Which of the following treatments would be most effective? A. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors B. Protease inhibitors C. Entrance inhibitors D. Highly active antiretroviral therapy - correct answers-D DiGeorge syndrome is a primary immune deficiency caused by: A. Failure of B cells to mature B. Congenital lack of thymic tissue C. Failure of formed elements of blood to develop D. Selective IgG deficiency - correct answers-B Which is not an autoimmune disease? A. Multiple sclerosis B. Pernicious anemia C. Goodpasture syndrome D. Transfusion reaction - correct answers-D When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as: A. Areduced immune response found in most pathologic states B. A normal immune response to an infectious agent C. An excessive or inappropriate response of immune system to sensitizing antigen D. Antigenic desensitization - correct answers-C A patient's anemia is described as having erythrocytes that demonstrate anisocytosis. The nurse would recognize the erythrocytes would be: A. Pale in color B. Present in various sizes C. Able to assume various shapes D. Live only a few days - correct answers-B A newborn is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. Which of the following types of anemia will the nurse see documented on the chart? A. lron deficiency anemia B. Sideroblastic anemia C. Pernicious anemia B. Measure antigen-antibody immune complexes C. Measure serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity D.Administer folate and evaluate folate content in a blood serum sample - correct answers-A A 21-year-old female was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. In addition to fatigue and weakness, which of the following clinical signs and symptoms would she most likely exhibit? A. Hyperactivity B. Spoon-shaped nails C. Gait problems D. Petechiae - correct answers-B A 50-year-old female was diagnosed with sideroblastic anemia. Which of the following assessment findings would most likely occur? A. Bronze colored skin B. Decreased iron C. Normochramic erythrocytes D. Aplastic bone marrow - correct answers-A A 57-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for red face, hands, feet, ears, and headache and drowsiness. A blood smear reveals an increased number of erythrocytes, indicating: A. Leukemia B. Sideroblastic anemia C. Hemosiderosis D. Polycythemia vera - correct answers-D A staff member asks what leukocytosis means. How should the nurse respond? Leukacytosis can be defined as: A. Anormal leukocyte count B. A high leukocyte count C. A low leukocyte count D. Another term for leukopenia - correct answers-B A 35-year-ald male has enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and a mediastinal mass. He was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma. Which of the following abnormal cells would the nurse expect to find with this disease? A. Merkel cell B. Schwann cell C. Reed-Sternberg cell D. Kupffer cell - correct answers-C The first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to a new antigen is: A. IgA B. IgG C. IgE D. IgM - correct answers-D IgM dominates primary immune response A child's thymus gland is fully formed and proportionately larger than an adult's. Which of the following processes that contribute to immunity takes place in the thymus gland? A. Blood B. Kidneys C. Lungs D. Mucous membranes - correct answers-A IgA1 found in blood, IgA2 found in secretions A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He experiences a severe allergic reaction and has to go to the ER. The nurse providing care realizes this reaction is the result of: A. Toxoids B. IgA C. IgE D. IgM - correct answers-C IgE is a mediator of many common allergic responses A5-month-old child is admitted to the hospital with recurring respiratory infections. A possible cause of this condition is: A. Hypergammaglobulinemia B. Increased maternal IgG C. Immune insufficiency D. Decreased maternal antibody breakdown, resulting in hyposensitivity - correct answers-C Remember, we are immunologically immature when born While planning care for an elderly patient, the nurse remembers that increased age is associated with (Select all that apply): A. Increased T cell function B. Decreased immune function C. Increased production of antibodies D. Increased levels of circulating autoantibodies E. Decreased ability to fight infection - correct answers-B, D, E Decreased T cell function and antibody response After teaching the students about B cells, which statement indicates teaching was successful? B cells are originally derived from cells of the: A. Bone marrow B. Lymph nodes C. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue D. Thymus - correct answers-A A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: A. Immunodeficiency B. Autoimmunity C. Anaphylaxis D. Tissue-specific hypersensitivity - correct answers-C Anurse recalls an example of an immune-complex-mediated disease is: A. Bronchial asthma B. Contact dermatitis C. Serum sickness D. Rheumatoid arthritis - correct answers-C When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of: A. Autoimmunity B. Alloimmunity C. Homoimmunity D. Alleimmunity - correct answers-A When a nurse notices that a patient has type O blood, she realizes that anti- antibodies are present in the patient's body. A. Aonly B. B only Cc. AandB D. O - correct answers-C A person is given an attenuated antigen as a vaccine. When the person asks what was given in the vaccine, how should the nurse respond? The antigen is: A. Alive, but less infectious B. Mutated, but highly infectious C. Normal, but not infectious D. Inactive ,but infectious - correct answers-A After studying about viruses, which information indicates the student has a good understanding of viruses? Viruses: A. Contain no RNA or DNA B. Are capable of independent reproduction C. Replicate their genetic material inside host cells D. Are killed easily by antimicrobials - correct answers-C 
