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"Pathophysiology: Concepts of Human Disease, 1st
Edition" by Sorenson (2019) Questions and Correct
Answers (Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
- Which of the following best defines homeostasis? A. A fixed internal environment B. The body's ability to change according to environmental demands C. The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment D. A constant external environment Homeostasis refers to the body’s mechanism of maintaining stable internal conditions despite external fluctuations.
- What cellular process involves programmed cell death? A. Necrosis B. Lysis C. Apoptosis D. Proliferation Apoptosis is a genetically programmed, orderly process that allows cells to self-destruct when damaged or no longer needed.
- Which is a major consequence of hypoxia in cells? A. Increased ATP production B. Enhanced protein synthesis C. Decreased ATP production
D. Decreased lactic acid production Hypoxia reduces oxygen availability, which impairs oxidative phosphorylation and leads to decreased ATP synthesis.
- A benign tumor is characterized by: A. Rapid growth and metastasis B. Well-differentiated cells and localized growth C. Invasion of surrounding tissues D. Poor cellular structure Benign tumors are composed of differentiated cells and do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.
- Which immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production? A. T-helper cells B. B lymphocytes C. Macrophages D. Natural killer cells B lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to antigens, playing a key role in humoral immunity.
- What is the primary function of inflammation? A. To spread infection B. To localize and eliminate the injurious agent C. To promote necrosis D. To suppress immunity Inflammation aims to isolate, destroy, and remove harmful agents and initiate tissue repair.
B. Cell cycle regulation C. Uncontrolled cell proliferation D. Apoptotic sensitivity Cancer cells proliferate without control due to mutations in regulatory genes. 11.What is the primary feature of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A. Insulin resistance B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells C. Excess insulin production D. Hypoglycemia Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune attack on beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency. 12.Which of the following causes metabolic acidosis? A. Diarrhea B. Vomiting C. Hyperventilation D. Alkaline drug overdose Loss of bicarbonate through diarrhea can cause metabolic acidosis. 13.Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla? A. Cortisol B. Epinephrine C. Aldosterone D. ADH
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress. 14.Which type of shock is caused by severe allergic reactions? A. Hypovolemic B. Cardiogenic C. Anaphylactic D. Septic Anaphylactic shock is a form of distributive shock caused by hypersensitivity reactions. 15.Which structure is primarily affected in multiple sclerosis? A. Muscle fibers B. Synaptic vesicles C. Myelin sheath of neurons D. Dendrites Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin sheath, disrupting nerve conduction. 16.The leading cause of preventable death globally is: A. Alcohol B. Hypertension C. Tobacco use D. Obesity Tobacco use contributes to numerous diseases and is the top preventable cause of death.
B. BRCA
C. APC
D. MYC
TP53 encodes the p53 protein, a tumor suppressor that is often mutated in various cancers. 21.Which electrolyte abnormality is most likely to cause tetany and muscle spasms? A. Hypernatremia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypophosphatemia Calcium stabilizes nerve and muscle membranes; low calcium increases neuromuscular excitability, leading to tetany. 22.What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction? A. Coronary artery vasospasm B. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombus formation C. Heart valve disease D. Hypertension Most MIs result from plaque rupture followed by thrombus formation, which blocks blood flow to cardiac tissue. 23.Which condition is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency? A. Type 1 diabetes
B. Type 2 diabetes C. Gestational diabetes D. Cushing syndrome Type 2 diabetes is caused by reduced cellular response to insulin along with impaired insulin secretion. 24.Which organ is most commonly affected by hepatitis viruses? A. Kidney B. Liver C. Pancreas D. Spleen Hepatitis viruses primarily target hepatocytes, causing liver inflammation and injury. 25.What is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease? A. Dopamine depletion B. Beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles C. Demyelination D. Cerebellar degeneration Alzheimer’s is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles that impair neural communication. 26.Which disorder is a genetic defect of chloride channels? A. Marfan syndrome B. Tay-Sachs disease C. Cystic fibrosis D. Hemophilia
30.Which factor directly stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A. High calcium levels B. Low potassium levels C. Increased serum osmolality D. High blood glucose ADH release is stimulated by increased osmolality to promote water reabsorption and restore balance. 31.A patient with ascites likely has: A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Pancreatitis C. Portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis D. Congestive heart failure Portal hypertension increases hydrostatic pressure in abdominal veins, pushing fluid into the peritoneal cavity. 32.What is the earliest marker of acute kidney injury? A. Hypocalcemia B. Elevated serum creatinine C. Hematuria D. Edema Serum creatinine is a reliable marker of glomerular filtration rate and rises early in kidney injury. 33.Which condition is defined by an excess of cortisol? A. Addison disease B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Cushing syndrome D. SIADH Cushing syndrome involves excessive cortisol production or administration, leading to weight gain, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. 34.Which lab value is most commonly elevated in pancreatitis? A. AST B. Lipase C. BUN D. Creatinine Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme that rises significantly in acute pancreatitis. 35.Which microorganism is most commonly associated with peptic ulcers? A. Escherichia coli B. Streptococcus pneumoniae C. Helicobacter pylori D. Clostridium difficile Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa, causing inflammation and ulceration. 36.Which type of anemia is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency? A. Microcytic B. Macrocytic C. Normocytic D. Hemolytic
40.Which complication is most associated with chronic hypertension? A. Asthma B. Left ventricular hypertrophy C. Leukopenia D. Iron deficiency Increased afterload from hypertension causes the left ventricle to thicken to maintain cardiac output. 41.What is the main problem in obstructive pulmonary diseases like COPD? A. Alveolar destruction B. Airflow limitation during expiration C. Reduced lung compliance D. Decreased blood oxygen-carrying capacity Obstructive diseases reduce airflow due to airway narrowing or collapse during expiration. 42.A deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia is characteristic of: A. Alzheimer’s disease B. Multiple sclerosis C. Parkinson’s disease D. Huntington’s disease Parkinson’s disease involves loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. 43.What cardiac marker is most specific for myocardial infarction? A. CK-MB B. Troponin I
C. Myoglobin D. AST Troponin I is highly specific and sensitive for myocardial cell injury. 44.Which condition is associated with abnormal clot formation due to systemic activation of coagulation? A. Hemophilia B. Leukemia C. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) D. Anemia DIC involves widespread clotting that consumes clotting factors and leads to both clotting and bleeding. 45.What is the role of surfactant in the lungs? A. Increase alveolar collapse B. Promote vasoconstriction C. Reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse D. Enhance mucus production Surfactant reduces surface tension, keeping alveoli open for effective gas exchange. 46.Which disorder is characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells? A. Aplastic anemia B. Polycythemia vera C. Hemophilia A D. Leukopenia
50.Which syndrome results from 45,X karyotype (monosomy X)? A. Klinefelter syndrome B. Fragile X syndrome C. Turner syndrome D. Down syndrome Turner syndrome occurs in females with only one X chromosome, causing short stature and infertility. 51.Which immune cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity? A. B lymphocytes B. Neutrophils C. T lymphocytes D. Basophils T cells directly kill infected cells and help regulate immune responses. 52.A patient with SIADH is likely to develop: A. Hypernatremia B. Hyponatremia C. Hyperkalemia D. Metabolic alkalosis Excess ADH causes water retention, diluting sodium levels and leading to hyponatremia. 53.What is the primary mechanism of asthma? A. Collapse of alveoli B. Destruction of surfactant
C. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction D. Fibrosis of lung tissue Asthma is characterized by reversible airway inflammation, mucus production, and bronchospasm. 54.A distinguishing feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is: A. Uric acid accumulation B. Autoimmune inflammation of synovial joints C. Degeneration of cartilage D. Hereditary connective tissue defect RA is a systemic autoimmune condition that targets the synovial lining, causing joint destruction. 55.Which of the following is most likely in left-sided heart failure? A. Peripheral edema B. Hepatomegaly C. Pulmonary congestion D. Jugular venous distention Left-sided heart failure impairs blood flow from the lungs, causing fluid buildup in the pulmonary system. 56.What causes angina pectoris? A. Infection of heart valves B. Myocardial oxygen supply-demand mismatch C. Elevated potassium levels D. Pulmonary embolism
B. Weight gain C. Exophthalmos and hyperthyroidism D. Cold intolerance Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder causing excess thyroid hormone production and eye involvement. 61.What genetic disorder results in intellectual disability and facial dysmorphism from trisomy 21? A. Turner syndrome B. Down syndrome C. Klinefelter syndrome D. Huntington disease Down syndrome results from an extra copy of chromosome 21 and is associated with cognitive impairment and characteristic facial features. 62.In a patient with COPD, the major driving force for respiration becomes: A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen levels (hypoxic drive) C. Hemoglobin D. Serum pH In chronic CO₂ retention, the respiratory drive shifts to low oxygen levels (hypoxia). 63.Which disorder is characterized by demyelination in the peripheral nervous system? A. ALS B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Guillain-Barré syndrome D. Myasthenia gravis Guillain-Barré is an acute autoimmune demyelinating condition affecting peripheral nerves. 64.What condition is most commonly associated with anasarca? A. Cellulitis B. Severe hypoalbuminemia C. Deep vein thrombosis D. Hypernatremia Anasarca is generalized edema caused by low plasma oncotic pressure, often from low albumin. 65.What is the expected pH in a patient with prolonged vomiting? A. Alkalosis B. Acidosis C. Neutral D. Respiratory acidosis Vomiting leads to loss of hydrochloric acid, resulting in metabolic alkalosis. 66.Which disease is marked by a mutation in the dystrophin gene? A. Tay-Sachs B. Sickle cell anemia C. Duchenne muscular dystrophy D. Cystic fibrosis
