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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BOID 331 MODULE 2 ACTUAL EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- WITH 100+ Q & A, Exams of Nursing

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BOID 331 MODULE 2 ACTUAL EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- WITH 100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% SUCCESS)

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2024/2025

Available from 07/09/2025

muriuki-meshack
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BOID 331 MODULE 2 ACTUAL EXAM
NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- WITH 100+ QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% SUCCESS)
What is proliferation?
Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells
or when additional cells are needed.
Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled
proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli.
Genetic abnormalities
What is differentiation?
Process by which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division
What is neoplasm?
The new growth itself
Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
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Download PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BOID 331 MODULE 2 ACTUAL EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- WITH 100+ Q & A and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BOID 331 MODULE 2 ACTUAL EXAM

NEWEST VERSION - 2025/2026- WITH 100+ QUESTIONS AND

VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% SUCCESS)

What is proliferation? Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed. Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. Genetic abnormalities What is differentiation? Process by which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division What is neoplasm? The new growth itself Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis What is apoptosis? Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or unwanted cells What are proto-oncogenes? Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate What do tumor suppressor genes do? Cell death. Encode proteins that inhibit cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis

Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually cycles from one mitotic division to the next. Skin's squamous epithelium What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called? G0 or resting phase Why would a cell enter the G0 phase?

  1. Nutrients are unavailable
  2. Growth factors are unavailable
  3. Highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in G0? Neurons (highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells) What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase? Cell receives stimuli via:
  4. Growth factors
  1. Hormones
  2. Other signals that trigger growth Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains in G0 phase until prompted. Blood loss or tissue injury Define cell proliferation Process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is __________ to the number of cells dying or being shed. Equivalent When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within one of these two categories:
  3. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
  4. Somatic (non-reproductive cells) Gametes are _________
  1. Skeletal muscle cells
  2. Cardiac muscles cells
  3. Neurons Give 3 examples of a progenitor (parent) cell that continue to divide and reproduce.
  4. Blood cells
  5. Skin cells
  6. Liver cells Undifferentiated _____ cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of progenitor (parent) cells if needed Stem What is cell differentiation? Refers to the process by which cells become more specialized in both their structure and function The various cell types of the body all originate from where? The fertilized ovum

As differentiation progresses, the process within each developing cell type must be _____ ______ Tightly regulated As cells become more and more specialized they lose the ability to develop the _______ and _____ characteristics of other cell types Structural; functional What is the benefit of specialized cells being unable to take on the structural and functional characteristics of other cell types? It ensures that the integrity and composition of developing organs is maintained and free from differing cell types What happens when specialized cells are unable to divide? They rely on parent cells of the same lineage that are still able to divide Stem cells, unlike progenitor cells, remain incompletely _______ and _______ until they are needed. Differentiated; dormant

Unipotent stem cells are ________ Restricted to a single cell type but can maintain self-renewal What are the 2 classifications of stem cells?

  1. Embryonic
  2. Adult Why are embryonic stem cells important? They give rise to 3 main germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) which in turn develop into all the organ systems of the body What do adult stem cells do? Have a role in homeostasis, contributing to tissue regeneration and replacement of cells lost to apoptosis What does the Greek word onkos mean? Swelling

What refers to a cancerous mass of cells? Tumor Describe the histology of benign tumors Well-differentiated, resemble the cells of tissues of origin What are benign tumors not capable of? Metastasizing A rim of connective tissue found around a benign tumor is called a ______ Fibrous capsule What do malignant neoplasms do? (3 things)

  1. Invade and destroy tissue
  2. Grow rapidly
  3. Spread to other parts of the body via the lymphatic or circulatory systems Malignant neoplasms may secrete _____ ______ _____ ____ which increases blood supply to the tumor and facilitates more rapid growth Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor (VEGF)

(4) capacity to invade and metastasize to other parts of the body (5) potential for causing death The suffix _____ refers to the tissue type from which an abnormal growth originiates

  • oma _______ is a benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissues. Adenoma ________ is a benign tumor of bone tissue. Osteoma What is cancer? The unregulated growth of abnormal cells What is neoplasia? "New growth". Process of uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body __________ is a benign finger-like projection that grows on any surface.

Papilloma __________ is a malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin. Carcinoma ____________ is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissues Adenocarcinoma __________ is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal (multipotent) origin. Sarcoma What is a polyp? Growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine What is carcinoma in situ? A localized pre-invasive lesion that can be surgically removed or treated A malignant tumor of the epithelial (surface) is called

Lipoma A malignant tumor of the connective adipose tissue is called Liposarcoma A benign tumor of the smooth muscle tissue is called Leiomyoma A malignant tumor of the smooth muscle tissue is called Leiomyosarcoma A benign tumor of the neural nerve cell tissue is called Neuroma A malignant tumor of the neural nerve cell tissue is called Neuroblastoma A benign tumor of the neural glial cells is called

Glioma A benign tumor of the Hematologic: Granulocytic tissue is called this is always malignant A malignant tumor of the neural glial cells is called Glioblastoma/ astrocytoma A benign tumor of the Hematologic: Lymphocytic tissue is called this is always malignant A malignant tumor of the Hematologic: Granulocytic tissue is called Myelocytic leukemia A malignant tumor of the Hematologic: Lymphocytic tissue is called Lymphocytic leukemia/ lymphoma A benign tumor of the Endothelial: Blood vessels tissue is called

______ refers to specific, usually affecting only a single nucleotide Point mutations ____________ describes how cancer cells can proliferate even in the absence of growth factors Growth factor independence In what ways can cancer cells rapidly divide without growth factors?

  1. Divide w/o binding of growth factor to receptors
  2. Produce own growth factors
  3. Abnormal receptors or signaling proteins ___________ the cessation of growth after cells reach a certain density, is often lost in cancer cells Cell density-dependent inhibition In cancer cells, _____ _______ ________ ________are lost, meaning cells do not stick together. This, in turn, permits the surface cells of the tumor to shed into the surrounding body fluids or secretions.

Cell cohesiveness and adhesion Cancer cells, can remain viable and multiply without normal attachments to other cells or the extracellular matrix. this is an example of: Anchorage dependence In cancer cells, this interferes with intercellular connections and the responsiveness to membrane-derived signals. This refers to: Cell-to-cell communication Cancer cells tend to divide an infinite number of times, thereby achieving immortality. This refers to: Unlimited life span While telomeres, the protective 'end-caps' on chromosomes, typically shorten with each cell division, most cancer cells keep high levels of _________, an enzyme that prevents telomere shortening Telomerase Cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or antigens that are immunologically different from its normal tissue counterpart. This refers to: