





































Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BOID 331 MODULE 2 ACTUAL EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- WITH 100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% SUCCESS)
Typology: Exams
1 / 45
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
What is proliferation? Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed. Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. Genetic abnormalities What is differentiation? Process by which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division What is neoplasm? The new growth itself Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis What is apoptosis? Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or unwanted cells What are proto-oncogenes? Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate What do tumor suppressor genes do? Cell death. Encode proteins that inhibit cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually cycles from one mitotic division to the next. Skin's squamous epithelium What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called? G0 or resting phase Why would a cell enter the G0 phase?
As differentiation progresses, the process within each developing cell type must be _____ ______ Tightly regulated As cells become more and more specialized they lose the ability to develop the _______ and _____ characteristics of other cell types Structural; functional What is the benefit of specialized cells being unable to take on the structural and functional characteristics of other cell types? It ensures that the integrity and composition of developing organs is maintained and free from differing cell types What happens when specialized cells are unable to divide? They rely on parent cells of the same lineage that are still able to divide Stem cells, unlike progenitor cells, remain incompletely _______ and _______ until they are needed. Differentiated; dormant
Unipotent stem cells are ________ Restricted to a single cell type but can maintain self-renewal What are the 2 classifications of stem cells?
What refers to a cancerous mass of cells? Tumor Describe the histology of benign tumors Well-differentiated, resemble the cells of tissues of origin What are benign tumors not capable of? Metastasizing A rim of connective tissue found around a benign tumor is called a ______ Fibrous capsule What do malignant neoplasms do? (3 things)
(4) capacity to invade and metastasize to other parts of the body (5) potential for causing death The suffix _____ refers to the tissue type from which an abnormal growth originiates
Papilloma __________ is a malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin. Carcinoma ____________ is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissues Adenocarcinoma __________ is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal (multipotent) origin. Sarcoma What is a polyp? Growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine What is carcinoma in situ? A localized pre-invasive lesion that can be surgically removed or treated A malignant tumor of the epithelial (surface) is called
Lipoma A malignant tumor of the connective adipose tissue is called Liposarcoma A benign tumor of the smooth muscle tissue is called Leiomyoma A malignant tumor of the smooth muscle tissue is called Leiomyosarcoma A benign tumor of the neural nerve cell tissue is called Neuroma A malignant tumor of the neural nerve cell tissue is called Neuroblastoma A benign tumor of the neural glial cells is called
Glioma A benign tumor of the Hematologic: Granulocytic tissue is called this is always malignant A malignant tumor of the neural glial cells is called Glioblastoma/ astrocytoma A benign tumor of the Hematologic: Lymphocytic tissue is called this is always malignant A malignant tumor of the Hematologic: Granulocytic tissue is called Myelocytic leukemia A malignant tumor of the Hematologic: Lymphocytic tissue is called Lymphocytic leukemia/ lymphoma A benign tumor of the Endothelial: Blood vessels tissue is called
______ refers to specific, usually affecting only a single nucleotide Point mutations ____________ describes how cancer cells can proliferate even in the absence of growth factors Growth factor independence In what ways can cancer cells rapidly divide without growth factors?
Cell cohesiveness and adhesion Cancer cells, can remain viable and multiply without normal attachments to other cells or the extracellular matrix. this is an example of: Anchorage dependence In cancer cells, this interferes with intercellular connections and the responsiveness to membrane-derived signals. This refers to: Cell-to-cell communication Cancer cells tend to divide an infinite number of times, thereby achieving immortality. This refers to: Unlimited life span While telomeres, the protective 'end-caps' on chromosomes, typically shorten with each cell division, most cancer cells keep high levels of _________, an enzyme that prevents telomere shortening Telomerase Cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or antigens that are immunologically different from its normal tissue counterpart. This refers to: