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Patho NR283 Week 2
What are the signs of acute inflammation? Select all that apply. Pain Heat Redness Swelling Which immune chemical mediators contribute to the swelling associated with acute inflammation? Select all that apply. Leukotrienes Histamine Prostaglandins Kinins Which item causes chronic inflammation? chart Foreign material that remains in the body Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation chart Healing by _______ intention occurs when a wound is clean, free of foreign material, and the edges are held close together. Primary We have an expert-written solution to this problem! A client is seen in the emergency clinic after jumping off a ski lift and injuring their ankle. Which steps can the client take to reduce inflammation and pain? Select all that apply. Elevate the injured site Rest the affected area Wrap the ankle Apply an ice pack Which factor can delay tissue healing from inflammation and injury? Advanced age
Scar tissue is _____ and tends to ______ over time, which can result in _________ Nonelastic Shrink Complications A 72-year-old is recovering two days after having knee replacement surgery. The incision is going through which type of healing? Primary intention A client who has been experiencing stomach pains for the past three months visits the healthcare provider to receive the results of their diagnostic test. The client is informed the test revealed an ulcer with fibrosis, fibroblasts, and macrophages present. The client's treatment plan should address the ______ inflammation pathologic process. Chronic On post-op day one following abdominal surgery, a client is experiencing pain, heat, and redness at the incision. Based on these findings, what conclusion can be made about the incision? This is a normal inflammatory response. Which characteristics below are expected during an acute or chronic inflammatory episode? Mark each characteristic under the appropriate type of inflammation. chart A client is seen in the clinic with a wrist injury. Which findings indicate clinical manifestations of systemic inflammation? Select all that apply. Client states, "I'm tired all the time and have no energy." Client's white blood cell count is elevated. Client's temperature is 101.8F (38.8C). The nurse reviews the client's complete blood count (CBC) results and notes that the neutrophil levels are elevated, but the monocytes are still within normal limits. This indicates what type of inflammatory response? Acute inflammatory response
Drag and drop each type of immunity to its description. chart Match each type of immunity to its proper mechanism, memory, and example. chart A client is cleaning out their garden and gets bitten by a poisonous snake. Which immune cells containing specific antibodies may be administered to decrease the severity of the bite? Immunoglobulins How do symptoms and treatments play a role in the immune and inflammatory response? Match each sign or symptom to its immune response. chart A client is nearing the end of their pregnancy and is concerned about their newborn being protected from illness in their first year of life. Which class of immunoglobulins will provide passive immunity for the newborn and is able to cross the placenta? IgG A client is nearing the end of their pregnancy and is concerned about their newborn being protected from illness in their first year of life. The nurse educates the client on the importance of following the schedule of vaccines as this will ___________ the risk for serious infections for the newborn. Reduce A client is nearing the end of their pregnancy and is concerned about their newborn being protected from illness in their first year of life. The nurse is educating the client on the benefits of breastfeeding and explains that the immunoglobulin ______ is in the colostrum and provides antibody protection for newborns. IgA
A client is nearing the end of their pregnancy and is concerned about their newborn being protected from illness in their first year of life. Which type of acquired immunity will the newborn receive when they start receiving their vaccinations? Artificial Active A person who has had unprotected sex is at the clinic to get screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Which diagnostic testing would the healthcare provider prescribe for the client? Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) A child is at the clinic with chickenpox and the mother is concerned about future outbreaks. The nurse explains the child has now acquired ________ active acquired immunity which will protect them from future outbreaks. Natural Hypersensitivity reactions stimulate a(n) ________ response. Inflammatory What is another term for a hypersensitivity reaction? Allergic reaction What is the chemical mediator released from mast cells and basophils during an allergic reaction? Histamine The nurse understands that _________ hypersensitive reaction is related to __________. Type IV Transplant rejection Which clinical manifestations may occur in a client with known food allergies? Select all that apply All are correct.
A person was at a dinner party and consumed several courses of shellfish dishes. The person's face turns red and itchy and they suddenly experience difficulty breathing. To ensure the person is prepared for unintended food reactions in the future, which treatment does the person’s partner plan to always have available? EpiPen Select the proper type of hypersensitivity reaction for each column below. chart When an individual is hypersensitive or allergic to a specific thing, excessive amounts of what are produced? Select all that apply. Inflammatory mediators Immune mediators B-lymphocytes Distinguish inflammatory cellular components from immunity responses and cellular components by dragging the items below to one of the two categories. chart A caregiver brings an infant to the healthcare provider's office with a skin rash on the abdomen and extremities with no signs of respiratory distress. The caregiver mentions changing the infant's formula. The nurse assesses the infant and identifies the infant most likely has manifestations of which condition? Atopic dermatitis Match each term to its definition. chart Individuals with primary immunodeficiency disorders are most at risk for which alteration in health? Infection We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
How is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted? Select all that apply. Vaginal secretions Semen Blood Distinguish inflammatory cellular components from immunity responses and cellular components by dragging the items to one of the two categories. chart The parents of a toddler question the need for their child to receive vaccinations. Which are true about vaccinations? Select all that apply. Help protect individuals and communities Part of primary prevention for diseases Recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) How do symptoms and treatments play a role in the immune and inflammatory response? Match each item with a sign or symptom. chart Which clinical manifestations would be expected in a person who is in the late stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Dementia For which CD4 count should the individual be prescribed a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment regimen? 450 Before any invasive procedure, what should be administered to immune-compromised individuals? Prophylactic antimicrobial drugs Immunodeficiency puts individuals most at risk for which two conditions? Cancer and opportunistic infections Identify whether each item transmits or does not transmit HIV. chart
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) Select the correct link at each step of the chain of infection to match its description. chart What type of infections occur in hospitals, health care facilities, and doctor offices? Select all that apply. Healthcare-acquired infection Nosocomial infection Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for nosocomial infection? A 32-year-old who is immunocompromised Some infectious diseases are ________ or ______; others are __________ , but may be contracted via contact with environmental reservoirs or animals. Communicable Contagious Noncommunicable During an oral procedure, the dental hygienist nicked the patient's gum with a sharp instrument. This allowed streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Which type of infection is this? Nosocomial infection Which of the following is classified as a local response to infection? Select all that apply. Pain Heat Swelling Redness Which of the following would be a sign of systemic infection? Fever How can the cycle of infection be broken? Select all that apply.
Blocking transmission Reducing the reservoir of microorganisms Increasing host resistance Read the case study below, and then select all the systemic signs that indicate Mr. Jones is experiencing associated with the flu diagnosis. chart Mr. Jones's healthcare provider diagnoses Mr. Jones based on the presenting signs and symptoms of influenza, which is a _____ infection. Viral On day two of the training, which period of the stage of disease is Mr. Jones experiencing when he exhibits symptoms of coughing, tiredness, and chills? Prodromal Mr. Jones is prescribed an _______ drug to ____________ the reproduction of the virus inside the host cells to __________ the infection. Mr. Jones is also prescribed __________ for recovery. Antiviral Decrease Control Rest A teacher is educating another student about the importance of adequate nutrition to help maintain skin integrity. The teacher helps the student realize that maintaining intact skin tissue breaks the chain of infection by addressing the _______. Portal of entry Infections have varied patterns as defined by their characteristics or location. Rearrange the definitions in the right column below to match the corresponding type of infection. Local infection Organism enters the body and is confined to that location. Systemic infection Infection spreads to other locations, including the circulatory system. Secondary infection
Primary Secondary Tertiary A series of steps take place within the three phases of wound healing. View the steps below and place them in the correct order, starting with the first step. chart Review each image of a treated wound and select from the dropdown menu if the wound will heal by primary intention or secondary intention. chart Drag and drop the type of skin integrity disruption to match its corresponding image. chart Which underlying health conditions contribute to a slow healing process? Select all that apply. Fluid excess Fluid deficit Cancer Malnutrition The most common diagnostic testing used to determine if an individual has allergies is _______. Patch testing Scenario : Which factors could delay Kay's healing from the cut on the back of her leg? Select all that apply. Diabetes Nutrition Age Weight Scenario : Based on Kay's complaints, which condition do you predict Kay is experiencing? Infection
Scenario : When Kay went to urgent care, the healthcare provider attempted to promote healing by ________ intention. However, due to the infection, Kay's wound was left to heal by _______ intention after the remaining sutures were removed. Primary Tertiary Scenario : Three months after the wound injury, Kay's wound has finally scarred-over and she can resume her daily activities. Classify which stages of wound healing Kay had to go through to achieve recovery from the injury. Select all that apply. Remodeling Inflammation Proliferation For each factor below, select your answer to indicate if the factor promotes or delays wound healing. chart Carolyn has been having bad allergies and is not sure what is causing them. Which tissue integrity test would most likely identify what Carolyn is reacting to? Patch testing Sammy has had an open wound for two weeks. The circumference of the wound has decreased in size but has not scarred yet. In which phase of healing is Sammy's wound? Proliferation Jane broke her knee falling off a horse and is now in a knee brace. Jane tells you that she must stretch her foot every hour and ice her knee. In which type of muscle is the inflammation caused by Jane's injury occurring? Skeletal Which describes the cause of pressure ulcers? A wound that develops from continued pressure in a specific area of the skin Which factors decrease the effectiveness of wound healing of a pressure ulcer? Select all that apply. Uncontrolled blood sugar Inadequate protein intake
Based on the description of the clear fluid drainage, Wayne's sister identifies that Lou has developed a _________ pressure ulcer on the hip and shoulder. The bilateral redness on Lou's heels indicates the pressure ulcers are at _______. Stage 2 Stage 1 Scenario : The wounds on Lou's hip and shoulder would be classified as a _______ thickness wound. Partial Scenario : Wayne wants to know what he can do to prevent additional pressure ulcers from developing. Which factors can Wayne focus on to reduce the risk of his grandmother having further skin breakdown? Select all that apply. Keep the skin clean and dry Provide range of motion exercises Keep the head of the bed at 30 degrees Which layers of the skin are impacted by a Stage 4 pressure ulcer? Select all that apply. Epidermis Hypodermis Dermis Which of the following are increased risk factors for pressure ulcers? Select all that apply. Poor nutrition Advanced age Immobility You are seeing a 55-year-old client (preferred pronouns: he, him) in his home who has a foot ulcer. He has had this ulcer for a couple of months and gets dressing changes twice weekly. The client has a history of diabetes and hypertension and uses insulin to treat his high sugar levels. Knowing what you do about alterations in tissue integrity, you discuss the topics in the left column with the client. Match the recommendations in the left column with the rationales in the right column. chart
Your brother comes home from the hospital after having hip surgery. Which measure can you take to prevent pressure ulcers on his extremities while he is resting in bed? Reposition him every 2 hours Which pathophysiological conditions can lead to skin rashes? Select that all apply. Fungal infection Bacterial infections Chemical Viral infections A child developed a rash after taking penicillin. What type of reaction is this? Type I hypersensitivity reaction Drag and drop the correct type of skin rash to match the corresponding clinical manifestations. chart Which of the following describes the cause of skin rashes? An immune or inflammatory response that causes the skin to react to and fight a potential invader For each type of skin rash below, indicate if it is related to the environment, genetics, or lifestyle. chart What test can confirm the cause of a skin rash? Select the image to indicate your answer. Chart _______ contact dermatitis results when the skin comes into direct contact with a common irritant such as detergents, oils, and soaps. Irritant Which type of skin rash can occur if someone is allergic to latex and puts on latex gloves? Allergic Dermatitis Due to sun exposure, Bella notices brown spots on her face. She also has a lot of redness in the t-zone of her face. Upon her visit to the dermatologist, Bella discusses these two areas of
concern and decides to have laser treatments. Due to her history of fever blisters, the dermatologist prescribes prophylactic treatment and pre- and post-laser treatment. A week after the procedures, Bella has pain, fatigue, and a headache. Within 24 hours, she notices an itchy rash with blisters on her leg. When these blisters are forming, Bella has severe pain in her leg and is unable to get out of bed. Three days later, the blisters rupture and begin to crust over. What priority actions can Bella take after she recovers to reduce the risk for a future shingles outbreak? Shingles vaccine Select the correct type of rash, its cause, and characteristics from the drop-down menus. chart Which clinical manifestations are common in individuals that experience skin rashes? Select that all apply. All are correct. Select the correct type of skin rash to match the one illustrated in each image. chart A home remedy to address itchy skin rashes includes _____ baths to soothe the skin. Cool
