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Patho Exam 4 Study GuidePatho Exam 4 Study Guide
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Hepatitis: liver inflammation that can be caused by a number of things, viruses, drugs, alcohol Cirrhosis: progressive liver disease that occurs when healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, which prevents liver from functioning properly Bilirubin : yellow substance that’s created when red blood cells break down, part of body process for clearing waste Cholelithiasis: gallstones in the gallbladder or biliary tree Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder Hepatic Encephalopathy: deterioration of brain function characterized by impaired consciousness, confusing, disorientation, and eventually coma Steatorrhea: too much fat in the stool Steatohepatitis: if you have fatty liver disease, advanced for of non-alcoholic liver disease Jaundice: condition that causes the skin and whites of the eyes to appear yellow Hepatomegaly: enlarged liver beyond its normal size Discuss the most frequent diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Liver Diseases
cystoscope, a thin, lighted tube with a lens or camera Tubulointerstitial nephritis: inflammation that affects the tubules of the kidneys and the tissues that surround them Hematuria : blood in the urine Polyuria: increased frequency Nocturia: increased nighttime urination Oliguria: decreased urinary output Anuria: complete absence of urination Describe normal structure and functions of the kidneys -function: kidneys filter the blood, remove water-soluble wastes, help control bp, help maintain red blood cell levels
in blood would indicate kidney dysfunction Compare nephritic to nephrotic syndrome -nephritic syndrome: -inflammation induced injury of capillary -less severe proteinuria -hematuria: blood in urine -nephrotic syndrome: -massive proteinuria: mass amount of protein in urine -leads to hypoalbuminemia: low albumin in blood -results in edema Explain diabetic nephropathy and complications -complication of long-standing diabetes -most common cause of renal failure -manifestations: progressive impairment of renal function, no specific treatment can arrest progression of this disease -glomerulosclerosis: decreased surface area for filtration Compare autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease -autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: infancy and early childhood always has associated liver involvement can be seen on prenatal ultrasound if severe -autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: does not manifest until adulthood fairly common liver involvement less severe cysts develop insidiously reduced life expectancy Define glomerular disease, including main causes, examples symptoms and complications -due to damage of major components of the glomerulus (endothelium, podocytes, basement membrane) -most are caused by immune-mediated injury Hydrocele : excess fluid accumulates, treated by aspiration Varicocele : varicose veins in spermatic cord, usually involves left side of scrotum, one of the most common causes of infertility Orchitis : inflammation of the testis, from mumps virus, fever, edema, urethral discharge, treatment with antibiotics, analgesics Cryptorchidism : when the testes do not descend
Inguinal hernia: occurs when tissue from the abdominal cavity pokes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles and into the groin Describe common male reproductive complains -frequency, urgency incontinence, dysuria and nocturia -pain in any reproductive organ or unusual discharge -swelling or enlargement of any reproductive organs -any sexual disorder or concern Differentiate benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma as to clinical manifestations and treatment -benign prostatic hyperplasia is the MOST COMMON: hyperplasia due to dihydrotestosterone enlargement of prostate gland obstructs flow of urine, urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, nocturia treatment: surgery and reductase inhibitors -prostatic carcinoma: when the prostate gland grows out of control Describe risk factors in developing prostate cancer -dietary factors
-thus, uterus is subjected to continuous estrogen stimulation and responds by shedding and bleeding in an irregular manner instead of shedding all at once Describe diseases of the cervix, endometrium and myometrium, including risk factors Polyps: benign tumors on surface of cervical canal -many are asymptomatic, but can lead to irregular menstrual bleeding Cervical dysplasia: abnormal growth of cervical squamous epithelium -risk factors: HPV infection, multiple sex partners and genetics Cervical carcinoma: cancer that develops in the cervix or in the wall of cervix -risk factors: HPV, smoking, age, weakened immune system Endometriosis: presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside of uterus -risk factors: genetic predisposition, spread through vascular or lymphatic systems Differentiate risk factors of cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer Cervical cancer: -risk factors: HPV Endometrial cancer: -risk factors: age obesity excessive estrogen exposure Ovarian cancer : -risk factors: hereditary childbirth and pregnancy: women with children ½ the risk than those without, increase
lactation (breast feeding): reduces the risk for ovarian cancer oral contraceptives: ever-users have about half the risk as do never-users, long term use seems to further enhance protection against hormone replacement therapy appears to increase the risk for ovarian cancer, particularly long-term use Explain methods of artificial contraception and side effects -barrier methods: diaphragms and condoms, effective, no side effects -oral contraceptives: suppress ovulation, side effects are increased tendency for thromboembolic complications, especially among smokers, hypertension -intrauterine contraceptive devices, IUD: prevent implantation, side effects are increase incidence of tubal infections and tubal pregnancies Define infertility, and provide examples of female related causes -not able to get pregnant after a year of trying
-female related causes: hormonal imbalances, structural problems, eating disorders, obesity, stress, alcohol, drug misuse, cancer, age, malnutrition Describe the importance of the placenta -crucial role during pregnancy -fetus connected to placenta by umbilical cord -endocrine function: estrogen and progesterone, HCG Explain causes and effects of ectopic pregnancy -causes: previous infection of fallopian tubes and scarring due to STD -diagnosis: positive pregnancy test and abdominal ultrasound -signs and symptoms: pregnancy, sharp pelvic pain and bleeding -if embryo is not removed: rupture of fallopian tube, profuse bleeding from torn vessels, potentially life-threatening to mother Compare eclampsia and pre-eclampsia -preeclampsia: pregnancy associated high blood pressure and protein in urine -eclampsia: high blood pressure, protein in urine and convulsions Describe placenta previa and complications -in the wrong place -placenta attached lower half of uterus -can lead to vaginal bleeding -can be deadly to mom and baby -will need c-section Understand the causes and effects of gestational diabetes -hyperglycemia in the mother -pathophysiology: pregnancy hormones induce maternal insulin resistance; diabetes results from inability to increase insulin secretion to compensate for increase insulin resistance -to fetus: obesity, type 2, congenital malformations, larger babies at birth Define a molar pregnancy, including complications -hydatidiform mole -non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus -sperm fertilized empty egg, only placenta develops -greater risk in older women
Compare and contrast fibrocystic breast disease, fibroadenoma, and breast carcinoma
Describe acute mastitis, and how it is treated -inflammation of the breast -most commonly due to staph infection breast feeding, baby has bacteria in mouth -symptoms; swelling, pain, redness, lumps -treatment: antibiotics Describe the pros and cons of hormone replacement therapy Pros: relief of menopausal symptoms, helps with mood, estrogen helps bone health cons: long-term estrogen-progestin use increases risk of breast carcinoma and ovarian cancer, blood clots