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The Sale of Goods Act, 1930
(Act no. 3 of 1930)
CONTENTS
Sections Particulars
Preamble Chapter 1 Preliminary 1 Short Title, Extent and Commencement 2 Definitions 3 Application of provisions of Act 9 of 1872 Chapter 2 Formation of the Contract 4 Sale and agreement to sell 5 Contract of sale how made 6 Existing or future goods 7 Goods perishing before making of contract 8 Goods perishing before sale but after agreement to sell 9 Ascertainment of price 10 Agreement to sell at valuation 11 Stipulations as to time 12 Condition and warranty 13 When condition to be treated as warranty 14 Implied undertaking as to title, etc 15 Sale by description 16 Implied conditions as to quality or fitness 17 Sale by sample Chapter 3 Effects of the Contract 18 Goods must be ascertained 19 Property passes when intended to pass 20 Specific goods in a deliverable state 21 Specific goods to be put into a deliverable state 22 Specific goods in a deliverable state, when the seller has to do anything thereto in order to ascertain price 23 Sale of unascertained goods and appropriation. Delivery to carrier 24 Good sent on approval or "on sale or return" 25 Reservation of right of disposal 26 Risk prima facie passes with property
27 Sale by person not to owner 28 Sale by one of joint owners 29 Sale by person in possession under voidable contract 30 Seller or buyer in possession after sale Chapter 4 Performance of the Contract 31 Duties of seller and buyer 32 Payment and delivery are concurrent conditions 33 Delivery 34 Effect of part delivery 35 Buyer to apply for delivery 36 Rules as to delivery 37 Delivery of wrong quantity 38 Installment deliveries 39 Delivery to carrier or wharfinger 40 Risk where goods are delivered at distant place 41 Buyer's right of examining the goods 42 Acceptance 43 Buyer not bound to return rejected goods 44 Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing delivery of goods Chapter 5 Rights of unpaid seller against the goods 45 "Unpaid seller" defined 46 Part delivery 47 Seller's lien 48 Part delivery 49 Termination of lien 50 Right of stoppage in transit 51 Duration of transit 52 How stoppage in transit is effected 53 Effect of sub-sale or pledge by buyer 54 Sale not generally rescinded by lien or stoppage in transit Chapter 6 Suits for Breach of the Contract 55 Suit for price 56 Damages for non-acceptance 57 Damages for non-delivery 58 Specific performance 59 Remedy for breach of warranty 60 Repudiation of contract before due date 61 Interest by way of damages and special damages
The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 Preamble 3 of 1930 (15th March, 1930) An Act to define and amend the law relating to the sale of goods. WHEREAS it is expedient to define and amend the law relating to the sale of goods, it is hereby enacted as follows: -
Chapter 1 - Preliminary
1. Short title, extent and commencement.- (1) This Act may be called the Sale of Goods Act,
- It extends to the whole of India (except the State of Jammu and Kashmir). (3) It shall come into force on the 1st day of July, 1930 2. Definitions .- In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject of content- (1) ‘ buyer " means a person who buys or agrees to buy goods, (2) " delivery " means voluntary transfer of possession from one person to another 3. Applications of provisions of Act 9 of 1882.- The unrepealed provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 save insofar as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, shall continue to apply to contracts for sale of goods.
Chapter 2 - Formation of the Contract
4. Sale and agreement to sell.- (1) A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price. There may be a contract of sale between one part-owner and another. (2) A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional
(3) Where under a contract of sale the property in the goods in transferred from the seller to the buyer, the contract is called a sale, but where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at a future time or subject to some condition thereafter to be fulfilled, the contract is called an agreement to sell. (4) An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or the conditions are fulfilled subject to which the property in the goods is to be transferred.
5. Contract of Sale how made -. (1) A contract of sale is made by an offer to buy or sell goods for a price and the acceptance of such offer. The contract may provide for the immediate delivery of the goods or immediate payment of the price or both, or for the delivery or payment by instalments, or that the delivery or payment or both shall be postponed. (2) Subject to the provisions of any law for the time being in force, a contract of sale may be made in writing or by word of mouth, or partly in writing and partly by word of mouth or may be implied from the conduct of the parties. 6. Existing or future goods.- (1) The goods which form the subject of a contract of sale may be either existing goods, owned or possessed by the seller, or future goods. (2) There may be a contract for the sale of goods the acquisition of which by the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may not happen. (3) Where by a contract of sale the seller purports to effect a present sale of future goods, the contract operates as an agreement to sell the goods. 7. Goods perishing before making of contract.- Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods, the contract is void if the goods without the knowledge of the seller have, at the time when the contract was made, perished or become so damaged as no longer to answer to their description in the contract. 8. Goods perishing before sale but after agreement to sell.- Where there is an agreement to sell specific goods, and subsequently the goods without any fault on the part of the seller or buyer perish or become so damaged as no longer to answer to their description in the agreement before the risk passes to the buyer, the agreement is thereby avoided. 9. Ascertainment of price.- (1) The price in a contract of sale may be fixed by the contract or may be left to be fixed in manner thereby agreed or may be determined by the course of dealing between the parties.
(3) Nothing in this section shall affect the case of any condition or warranty fulfilment of which is excused by law by reason of impossibility of otherwise.
14. Implied undertaking as to tile, etc.- In a contract of sale, unless the circumstances of the contract are such as to show a different intention there is- (a) an implied condition on the part of the seller that, in the case of a sale, he has a right to sell the goods and that, in the case of an agreement to sell, he will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the property is to pass. (b) an implied warranty that the buyer shall have and enjoy quiet possession of the goods. (c) an implied warranty that the goods shall be free from any charge or encumbrance in favour of any third party not declared or known to the buyer before or at the time when the contract is made. 15. Sale by description.- Where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with the description, and, if the sale is by sample as well as by description, it is not sufficient that the bulk of the goods corresponds with the sample if the goods do not also correspond with the description. 16. Implied condition as to quality or fitness.- Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any other law for the time being in force, there is no implied warranty or condition as to the quality or fitness for any particular purpose of goods supplied under a contract of sale, excepts as follows:- (1) Where the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required, so as to show that the buyer relies on the seller’s skill or judgement, and the goods are of a description which it is in the course of the seller’s business to supply (whether he is the manufacturer or producer or not), there is an implied condition that the goods shall be reasonably fit for such purpose. Provided that, in the case of a contract for the sale of a specified article under its patent or other trade name, there is no implied conditions to its fitness for any particular purpose. (2) Where goods are bought by description from a seller who deals in goods of that description (whether he is the manufacturer or producer or not), there is an implied condition that the goods shall be of merchantable quality. Provided that, if the buyer has examined the goods, there shall be no implied conditions as regards defects which such examination ought to have revealed.
(3) An implied warranty or condition as to quality or fitness for a particular purpose may be annexed by the usage of trade. (4) An express warranty or conditions does not negative a warranty or condition implied by this Act unless inconsistent therewith.
17. Sale by sample.- (1) A contract of sale is a contract for sale by sample where there is a term in the contract, express or implied, to that effect. (2) In the case of a contract for sale by sample there is an implied condition - (a) that the bulk shall corresponded with the sample in quality. (b) that the shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample. (c) that the goods shall be free from any defect, rendering them un-merchantable, which would not be apparent on reasonable examination of the
Chapter 3 - Effects of the Contract
18. Goods must be ascertained.- Where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained goods, no property in the goods is transferred to the buyer unless and until the goods are sanctioned. 19. Property passes when intended to pass.- (1) Where there is a contract for the sale of specific or ascertained goods the property in them is transferred to the buyer at such time as the parties to the contract intend it to be transferred. (2) For the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties regard shall be had to the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties and the circumstances of the case. (3) Unless a different intention appears, the rules contained in Section 20 to 24 are rules for ascertaining the intention of the parties as to the time at which the property in the goods is to pass to the buyer. 20. Specific goods in a deliverable state.- Where there is an unconditional contract for the sale of specific goods in a deliverable state, the property in the goods passes to the buyer when the contract is made, and it is immaterial whether the time of payment of the price or the time of delivery of the goods, or both, is postponed.
(3) Where the seller of goods draws on the buyer for the price and transmits to the buyer the bill of exchange together with the bill of lading or, as the may be, the railway receipt, to secure acceptance to payment of the bill of exchange, the buyer is bound to return the bill of lading or the railway receipt if he does not honour the bill of exchange, and, if he wrongfully retains the bill of lading or the railway receipt, the property in the goods does not pass to him. Explanation.- In this section, the expression " Railway " and " Railway administration " shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them under the Indian Railways Act, 1890.
26. Risk Prima facie passes with property.- Unless otherwise agreed, the goods remain at the seller’s risk until the property therein is transferred to the buyer, but when the property therein is transferred to the buyer, the goods are at the buyer’s risk whether delivery has been made or not. Provided that, where deliver has been delayed through the fault of either buyer or seller, the goods are at the risk of the party in fault as regards any loss which might not have occurred but for such fault. Provides also that nothing in this section shall affect the duties or liabilities of either seller or buyer as a bailee of the goods of the other party. 27. Sale by person not the owner.- Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any other law for the time being in force, where goods are sold by a person who is not the owner thereof and who does not sell them under the authority or with the consent of the owner, the buyer acquires no better title to the goods than the seller had, unless the owner of the goods is by conduct precluded from denying the seller’s authority to sell. Provided that, where a mercantile agent is, with the consent of the owner, in possession of the goods or of a document of title to the goods, any sale made by him, when acting in the ordinary course of business of a mercantile agent, shall be as valid as if he were expressly authorised by the owner of the goods to make the same, provided that the buyer act is good faith and has not at the time of the contract of sale notice that the seller has not authority to sell. 28. Sale by one of joint owners.- If one of several joint owners of goods has the sole possession of them by permission of the co-owners, the property in the goods in transferred to any person how buys them of such joint owner in good faith and has not at the time of the contract of sale notice that the seller has not authority to sell. 29. Sale by person in possession under voidable contract.- When the seller of gods has obtained possession thereof under a contract voidable under Section 19 or Section 19A of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, but the contract has not rescinded at the time of the sale, the buyer acquires a god title to the goods, provided he buys them in good faith and without notice of the seller’s defect of title.
30. Seller or buyer in possession after sale.- (1) Where a person, having sold goods, continues or is in possession of the goods or of the documents of title to the goods, the delivery or transfer by that person or by a mercantile agent acting for him of the gods or documents of title under any sale, pledge o other disposition thereof to any person receiving the same in good faith and without notice of the previous sale shall have the same effect as if the person making the delivery to transfer were expressly authorised by the owner of the gods to make the same. (2) Where a person, having bought or agreed to buy goods, obtains with the consent of the seller, possession of the goods or the documents of title to the goods, the delivery or transfer by that person or by a mercantile agent acting for him, of the goods or documents of tile under any sale, pledge or other disposition thereof to any person receiving the same in good faith and without notice of any lien or other right of the original seller in respect of the gods shall have effect as if such lien or right did not exist.
Chapter 4 - Performance of the Contract
31. Duties of seller and buyer.- It is the duty of the seller to deliver the goods and of the buyer to accept and pay for them, in accordance with the terms of the contract of sale. 32. Payment and delivery are concurrent conditions.- Unless otherwise agreed, delivery of the gods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions, that is to say, the seller shall be ready and willing to give possession of the goods to the buyer in exchange for the price, and the buyer shall be ready and willing to pay the price in exchange for possession of the goods. 33. Delivery.- Delivery of goods sold may be made by doing anything which the parties agree shall be treated as delivery or which has the effect of putting the goods in the possession of the buyer or of any person authorised to hold them on his behalf. 34. Effect of part delivery.- A delivery of part of goods, in progress of the delivery of the whole has the same effect, for the purpose of passing the property in such goods, as a delivery of the whole, but a delivery of part of the gods, with an intention of severing it from the whole, does not operate as a delivery of the remainder. 35. Buyer to apply for delivery.- Apart from any express contract, the seller of goods in not bound to deliver them until the buyer applies for delivery.
38. Installment deliveries.- (1) Unless otherwise agreed, the buyer of goods is not bound to accept delivery thereof by instalments. (2) Where there is a contract for the sale of goods to be delivered by stated instalments which are to be separately paid for, and the seller makes no delivery or defective delivery in respect of one or more instalments, or the buyer neglects or refuses to take delivery of or pay for one or more instalments, it is a question in each cased depending on the terms of the contract and the circumstances of the case, whether the breach of contract is a repudiation of the whole contract, or whether it is a severable breach giving rise to a claim for compensation, but not a right to treat the whole contract as repudiated. 39. Delivery to carrier or wharfinger.- (1) Where, in pursuance of a contract of sale, the seller is authorised or required to send the goods to he buyer, delivery of the goods to a carrier, whether named by the buyer or not, for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, or delivery of the goods to a wharfinger for safe custody, is prima facie deemed to be a delivery of the goods to the buyer. (2) Unless otherwise authorised by the buyer, the seller shall makes such contract with the carrier or wharfinger on behalf of the buyer as may be reasonable having regard to the nature of the goods and the other circumstances of the case. If the seller omits so to do, and the goods are lost or damaged in course of transit or whilst in the custody of the wharfinger, the buyer made decline to treat the delivery to the carrier or wharfinger as a delivery to himself, or may hold the seller responsible in damages. (3) Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are sent by the seller to the buyer by a route involving sea transit, in circumstances in which it is usual to insure, the seller shall give such notice to the buyer as may enable him to insure them during their sea transit and if the seller fails so to do, the goods shall be deemed to be at his risk during such sea transit. 40. Risk where goods are delivered at distant place.- Where the seller of goods agrees to deliver them at his own risk at place other than that where they are when sold, the buyer shall, nevertheless, unless otherwise agreed, take any risk of deterioration in the goods necessarily incident to the course of transit. 41. Buyer’s right of examining the goods.- (1) Where goods are delivered to the buyer which he has not previously examined, he is not deemed to have accepted them unless and until he has a reasonable opportunity of examining them for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract. (2) Unless otherwise agreed, when the seller tenders delivery of goods to the buyer, he is bound, on request, on request, to afford the buyer a reasonable opportunity of examining the goods for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract,
42. Buyer not bound to return rejected goods.- Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are delivered to the buyer and he refuses to accept them, having the right so to do, he is not bound to return them to the seller, but it is sufficient it he intimates to the seller that he refuses to accept them. 43. Buyer not bound to return rejected goods.- Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are delivered to the buyer and he refuses to accept them, having the right so to do, he is not bound to return them to the seller, but it is he intimates to the seller that he intimates to the seller that he refuses to accept them. 44. Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing delivery of goods.- When the seller is ready and willing to deliver the goods and requests the buyer to take delivery, and the buyer does not within a reasonable time after such request take delivery of the goods , he is liable to the seller for any loss occasioned by his neglect or refusal to take delivery and also for a reasonable charge for the care and custody of the goods. Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the rights of the seller where the neglect or refusal of the buyer to take delivery amounts to a repudiation of the contract.
Chapter 5 - Rights of unpaid seller against the goods
45. "Unpaid seller" defined.- (1) The seller of goods is deemed to be an "unpaid seller" within the meaning of this Act- (a) When the whole of the price has not been paid or tendered. (b) When a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument has been received as conditional payment, and the conditions on which it was received has not been fulfilled by reason of the dishonour of the instrument or otherwise. (2) In this Chapter, the term "seller" includes any person who is in the position of a seller, as, for instance, an agent of the seller to whom the bill of lading has been endorsed, or a consignor or agent who has himself paid, or is directly responsible for, the price. 46. Unpaid seller’s rights.- (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any law for the for the time being in force, notwithstanding that the property in the goods may have passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller of goods, as such, has by implication of law. (a) a lien on the goods for the period while he is in possession of them,
50. Right of stoppage in transit.- Subject to the provisions of this Act, when the buyer of goods becomes insolvent, the unpaid seller who has parted with the possession of the goods has the right of stopping them in transit, that is to say, he may resume possession of the goods as long as they are in the course of transit, and may retain them until payment or tender of the price. 51. Duration of transit.- (1) Goods are deemed to be in course of transit from the time when they are delivered to a carrier or other bailee for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, until the buyer or his agent in that behalf takes delivery of them from such carrier or other bailee. (2) If the buyer or his agent in that behalf obtains delivery of the goods before their arrival at the appointed destination, the transit is at an end. (3) If, after the arrival of the goods at the appointed destination, the carrier or other bailee acknowledges to the buyer or his agent that he holds the goods on his behalf and continues in possession of them as bailee for the buyer or his agent, the transit is at an end and it is immaterial that a further destination for the goods may have been indicated by the buyer. (4) If the goods are rejected by the buyer and the carrier or other bailee continues in possession of them, the transit is not deemed to be at an end, even if the seller has refused to receive them back. (5) When goods are delivered to a ship chartered by the buyer, it is a question depending on the circumstances of the particular case, whether they are in the possession of the master as a carrier or as agent of the buyer. (6) Where the carrier or other bailee wrongfully refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer or his agent in that behalf, the transit is deemed to be at an end. (7) Where part delivery of the goods has been made to the buyer or his agent in that behalf, the remainder of the goods may be stopped in transit, unless such part delivery has been given in such circumstances as to show an agreement to give up possession of the whole of the goods. 52. How stoppage in transit is effected.- (1) The unpaid seller may exercise his right to stoppage in transit either by taking actual possession of the goods, or by giving notice of his claim to the carrier or other bailee in whose possession the goods are. Such notice may be given either to the person in actual possession of the goods or to his principal. In the later case the notice, to be effectual, shall be given at such time and in such circumstances, that the principal, by the exercise of reasonable diligence, may communicate is to his servant or agent in time to prevent a delivery to the buyer. (2) Whether notice of stoppage in transit is given by the seller to the carrier or other bailee in possession of the goods, he shall re-deliver the goods to, or according to the directions of, the seller. The expenses of such re-delivery shall be borne by the seller.
53. Effect to sub-sale or pledge by buyer.- (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the unpaid seller’s right of lien or stoppage in transit is not affected by any sale or other disposition of the gods which the buyer may have made, unless the seller has assented thereto. Provided that where a document of title to goods has been issued or lawfully transferred to any person as buyer or owner of the goods, and that person transfers the document to a person who takes the document in good faith and for consideration, then, if such last mentioned transfer was by way of sale, the unpaid seller’s right of lien of stoppage in transit is defeated, and, if such last mentioned transfer was by way of pledge or other disposition for value, the unpaid seller’s right of lien or stoppage in transit can only be exercised subject to the rights of the transferee. (2) Where the transfer is by way of pledge, the unpaid seller may require the pledge to have the amount secured by the pledge satisfied in the first instance, as far as possible, out of any other goods or securities of the buyer in the hands of the pledge and available against the buyer. 54. Sale not generally rescinded by lien or stoppage in transit.- (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a contract of sale is not rescinded by the mere exercise by an unpaid seller of his right of lien or stoppage in transit. (2) Where the goods are of a perishable nature, or where the unpaid seller who has exercised his right of lien or stoppage in transit gives notices to the buyer of his intentions to re-sell, the unpaid seller may, if the buyer does not within a reasonable time pay or tender the price, re-sell the goods within a reasonable time and recover from the original buyer damages for any loss occasioned by his breach of contract, but the buyer shall not be entitled to any profit which may occur on the re-sale. If such notices is not given, the unpaid seller shall not be entitled to recover such damages and the buyer shall be entitled to the profit, if any, on the re-sale. (3) Where an unpaid seller who has exercised his right of lien or stoppage in transit re-sells the goods, the buyer acquires a good title thereto as against the original buyer, notwithstanding that no notice of the re-sale has been given to the original buyer. (4) Where the seller expressly reserves a right of re-sale in case the buyer should make default, and on, the buyer making default, re-sells the goods, the original contract of sale is thereby rescinded, but without prejudice to any claim which the seller may have for damages.
Chapter 6 - Suits for Breach of the Contract
55. Suit for price.- (1) Where under a contract of sale the property in the goods has passed to the buyer and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay for the goods according to the terms of the contract, the seller may sue him for the price of the goods.
61. Interest by way of damages and special damages.- (1) Nothing in this Act shall affect the right of the seller or the buyer to recover interest or special damages in any case whereby law interest or special damages may be recoverable, or to recover the money paid where the consideration for the payment of it has failed. (2) In the absence of a contract to the contrary, the Court may award interest at such rate a it think fit one the amount of the price- (a) to the seller in a suit by him for the amount of the price.- from the date of the tender of the goods or from the date on which the price was payable. (b) to the buyer in a suit by him for the refund of the price in a case of a breach of the contract on the part of the seller- from the date on which the payment was made.
Chapter 7 - Miscellaneous
62. Exclusion of implied terms and conditions.- Where any right, duty or liability would arise under a contract of sale by implication of law, it may be negatived or varies by express agreement or by the course of dealing between the negatives or varied by express agreement or by the course of dealing between the parties, or by usage, if the usage is such as to bind parties to the contract. 63. Reasonable time a question of fact.- Where in this Act any reference is made to a reasonable time, the question what is a reasonable time is a question of fact. 64. Auction sale.- In the case of sale by auction- (1) where goods are put up for sale in lots, each lot is prima facie deemed to be the subject of a separate contract of sale. (2) the sale is complete when the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer or in other customary manner, and, until such announcement is made, any bidder may retract his bid. (3) a right to bid may be reserved expressly by or on behalf of the seller and, where such rights is expressly so reserved, but not otherwise, the seller or any one person on his behalf may, subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, bid at the auction, (4) where the sale is not notified to be subject to a right to bid on behalf of the seller, it shall not be lawful for the seller to bid himself or to employ any person to bid at such sale, or for the auctioneer knowingly to take any bid from the seller or any such person, and any such person, and any sale contravening this rule may be treated as fraudulent by the buyer.
(5) the sale may be notified to be subject to a reserved or upset price. (6) if the seller makes use of pretended bidding to raise the price, the sale is voidable at the option of the buyer. 64A. In contracts of sale, amount of increased or deceased to tax to be added or deducted.- (1) Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the contract, in the event of any tax of the nature described in sub-section (2) being imposed, increased, decreased or remitted in respect of any goods after the making of any contract for the sale or purchase of such goods without stipulations as to the payment of tax where tax was not chargeable at the time of the making of the contract, or for the sale or purchase of such good tax- paid where tax was chargeable at that time.- (a) if such imposition or increase so takes effect that the tax or increased tax, as the case may be, or any part of such tax is paid or is payable, the seller may add so much to the contract price as will be equivalent to the amount paid or payable in respect of such tax or increase of tax, and he shall be entitled to be paid and to sue for and recover such addition, and (b) if such decrease or remission so takes effect that the decreased tax only, or no tax, as the case may be, is paid or is payable, the buyer made deduct so much from the contract price as will be equivalent to the decrease of tax or remitted tax, and he shall not be liable to pay, or be sued for, or in respect of, such deduction. (2) The provisions of sub-section (1) apply to the following taxes, namely:- (a) any duty of customs or excise on goods. (b) any tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
65. (Repeal.) Rep. By the Repealing Act, 1938 (1of 1938), S. 2 and Sch. 66. Savings.- (1) Nothing in this Act or in any repeal effected thereby shall affect or be deemed to affect. (a) any right, title, interest, obligations or liability already acquired, accrued or incurred before the commencement of this Act, or (b) any legal proceedings or remedy in respect of any such right, title, interest, obligation or liability, or (c) anything done or suffered before the commencement of this Act, or
