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paper psicology written 3, Lecture notes of Psychology

paper for final exam and for exam 3

Typology: Lecture notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 06/15/2024

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Miracle pill
Not getting enough sleep can cause severe damage. At the brain level, learning, memory,
mood, and reaction time are affected. At the body level, inflammation and increased blood
pressure can occur. When you do not get enough sleep, you may feel tired, affecting your
performance, including your ability to think clearly, react quickly, and form memories. This
can lead you to make poor decisions and put yourself in risky situations. I would not take
that pill. When I sleep, I feel happier, my body feels relaxed, and I concentrate more easily.
Sleep disturbances
Insomnia: it is a long-term condition in which a person has difficulty sleeping. People with
insomnia may also feel tired or sleepy during the day, have low energy, feel irritable,
anxious, depressed, and have difficulty concentrating. Often, the cause is a temporary
problem, such as short-term stress. In some other cases, insomnia stems from an underlying
medical condition.
Sleep apnea: it is a potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops
and restarts. It occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as
your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax; so the consequence is that your airway
narrows or closes, and your breathing is momentarily cut off.
Night terror: interruptions of sleep that seem similar to a nightmare but are much more
dramatic. It includes frequent and recurrent episodes of screaming, crying, panic, and fear.
Night terrors are caused by an overexcitation of the central nervous system (CNS) during
sleep.
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness or recurrent
and uncontrollable sleep attacks during daytime hours. Narcolepsy is diagnosed after a
complete medical and sleep history, a comprehensive physical examination, and sleep
testing.
Sleeptalkers and sleepwalkers occur when a person sits up or gets out of bed.
Sleepwalkers usually have no idea what they are doing. Their face usually has a blank
expression, they cannot be easily awakened, and they say incoherent sentences. In children,
it usually occurs between the ages of 4 and 6 years and seems to happen more in boys than
in girls.
Strategies to improve the sleep
Exercise during the day: Exercise supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and helps
the cardiovascular system function more efficiently. It is a strategy that I will apply to reduce
the stress and tension level.
Avoid long naps: Long or frequent naps can interfere with nighttime sleep. In fact, I
sometimes have trouble sleeping at night when I take long naps during the day, so one of
the strategies to improve sleep will be to minimize the duration of naps.
Choose a regular bedtime and stick to it: Following a schedule helps us structure our
time and organize our habits. Routines bring significant benefits to emotional and
psychological well-being, so it is essential to maintain them even in vacations or
confinements such as the one caused by COVID-19.
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Miracle pill Not getting enough sleep can cause severe damage. At the brain level, learning, memory, mood, and reaction time are affected. At the body level, inflammation and increased blood pressure can occur. When you do not get enough sleep, you may feel tired, affecting your performance, including your ability to think clearly, react quickly, and form memories. This can lead you to make poor decisions and put yourself in risky situations. I would not take that pill. When I sleep, I feel happier, my body feels relaxed, and I concentrate more easily. Sleep disturbances Insomnia: it is a long-term condition in which a person has difficulty sleeping. People with insomnia may also feel tired or sleepy during the day, have low energy, feel irritable, anxious, depressed, and have difficulty concentrating. Often, the cause is a temporary problem, such as short-term stress. In some other cases, insomnia stems from an underlying medical condition. Sleep apnea: it is a potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and restarts. It occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax; so the consequence is that your airway narrows or closes, and your breathing is momentarily cut off. Night terror: interruptions of sleep that seem similar to a nightmare but are much more dramatic. It includes frequent and recurrent episodes of screaming, crying, panic, and fear. Night terrors are caused by an overexcitation of the central nervous system (CNS) during sleep. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness or recurrent and uncontrollable sleep attacks during daytime hours. Narcolepsy is diagnosed after a complete medical and sleep history, a comprehensive physical examination, and sleep testing. Sleeptalkers and sleepwalkers occur when a person sits up or gets out of bed. Sleepwalkers usually have no idea what they are doing. Their face usually has a blank expression, they cannot be easily awakened, and they say incoherent sentences. In children, it usually occurs between the ages of 4 and 6 years and seems to happen more in boys than in girls. Strategies to improve the sleep Exercise during the day: Exercise supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and helps the cardiovascular system function more efficiently. It is a strategy that I will apply to reduce the stress and tension level. Avoid long naps: Long or frequent naps can interfere with nighttime sleep. In fact, I sometimes have trouble sleeping at night when I take long naps during the day, so one of the strategies to improve sleep will be to minimize the duration of naps. Choose a regular bedtime and stick to it: Following a schedule helps us structure our time and organize our habits. Routines bring significant benefits to emotional and psychological well-being, so it is essential to maintain them even in vacations or confinements such as the one caused by COVID-19.

How explain the difference between psychological and physiological dependence? First, when we talk about drugs and addiction, we can differentiate between two different types of dependence: physical and psychological. It is essential to consider three factors we struggle with when someone starts using drugs: tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal. Tolerance is the process of adaptation that the body undergoes when it accepts and endures the presence of the substance. The immediate damage to the organism and the pleasurable effects are avoided. For this reason, a person who has been using a drug for a long time needs more quantity to have the same effect. Dependence refers to the feeling of the need to consume, and it affects physical and psychological. Withdrawal syndrome is the clinical feature that appears when there is physical dependence. Physical dependence has consequences when the substance is abandoned because the body has become accustomed to it. Thus, withdrawal syndrome appears when the substance is abandoned, which does not happen with psychological dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the person has constructed a series of stories and mental traps that lead him or her to believe that he or she needs the substance. The primary psychoactive substance in marijuana, responsible for most of the intoxicating effects people seek, is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC can alter the functioning of the hippocampus and the orbitofrontal cortex, which are regions of the brain that allow a person to create new memories and shift their attention. Therefore, marijuana use decreases the ability to think and interferes with a person's ability to learn and perform complicated tasks. It also alters the functioning of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, which are regions of the brain that regulate balance, posture, coordination, and reaction time. Alcohol produces multiple effects: decreased alertness, delayed reflexes, vision changes, loss of muscle coordination, tremors, and hallucinations. It reduces self-control, affects memory, concentration capacity, Consequences that result from stress Direct physiological effects: The physiological response is the reaction of the organism to stressful stimuli. The organism has a series of physiological responses that activate the vegetative nervous system in a stressful situation. The constant and continuous increase in heart rate elevated stress hormones, and elevated blood pressure levels are among the effects. In addition, long-term ongoing stress may increase the risk of hypertension, myocardial infarction, or stroke. I have been very stressed about my mom's health to the point that I have increased my blood pressure lately. Harmful behavior: effects such as increased smoking, increased alcohol consumption, decreased nutrition, decreased sleep, increased drug use, etc. I have noticed that stress has reduced my sleep hours considerably. Indirect-health-related behaviors: Significantly high levels of stress can cause a decrease in the probability that people will seek good health care or comply with medical advice. Very stressed people are not thinking of going to see a doctor as a first option. When I have been in situations that worry and stress me greatly, I don't ever thinking about going to a doctor. Stress and psychoneuroimmunology