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Overview of Nervous System - Introduction to Human Physiology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Human Physiology

Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityHuman Physiology

Its the important key points of lecture slides of Introduction to Human Physiology are : Overview of Nervous System, Major Anatomical Divisions, Peripheral Nervous System, Afferent Division, Visceral Sensory, Somatic Motor, Parasympathetic Division, Glial Cells

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/05/2013

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Overview of the Nervous System
•Two major anatomical divisions
–The central nervous system (CNS)
•Brain
•Spinal Cord
–The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
•Afferent Division
•Efferent Division
–Somatic Nervous System
–Autonomic Nervous System
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Download Overview of Nervous System - Introduction to Human Physiology - Lecture Slides and more Slides Human Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Overview of the Nervous System

  • Two major anatomical divisions
    • The central nervous system (CNS)
      • Brain
      • Spinal Cord
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
      • Afferent Division
      • Efferent Division
        • Somatic Nervous System
        • Autonomic Nervous System

Overview of the Nervous System

  • Functional Divisions of the PNS
    • Afferent = Sensory
      • Somatic sensory
      • Visceral sensory
    • Efferent = Motor
      • Somatic motor
      • Visceral motor

Functions of the Nervous System

  • Collecting information
    • Peripheral Nervous System
      • Sensory or afferent input
  • Evaluation and decision making
    • Central Nervous System
      • Integration and comparison to: » Homeostatic ranges » Previous or learned experiences
  • Elicits responses
    • Peripheral Nervous System
      • Motor or efferent output

General Anatomy of the CNS

  • Glial Cells
    • Supporting cells for neurons in the CNS
    • 5 types
      • Oligodendrocytes = form myelin in the CNS
      • Schwann Cells = form myelin in the PNS
      • Microglia Cells = macrophages of the CNS
      • Ependymal Cells = line cerebral ventricles
      • Astrocytes = develop neuronal connections

General Anatomy of the CNS

  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
    • Clear, watery fluid that bathes the CNS
    • Acts as a shock absorber to prevent injury
    • Provides nutrients to glial cells
    • Removes waste products
    • Maintains normal ionic concentrations surrounding neurons

General Anatomy of the CNS

  • The CNS requires an abundant blood supply

due to the high metabolic rate of neuronal

tissue

  • Brain accounts for 20% of all O 2 used
  • Brain accounts for 50% of all glucose used
  • Blood-Brain Barrier
  • A physical barrier between the CSF and blood
  • This semi-permeable membrane functions to protect the environment surrounding the neurons in the CNS

General Anatomy of the CNS

  • Interneurons
    • Also call Association / Internuncial neurons
    • Function: link between afferent and efferent neurons - Relay information from one part of the CNS to another for processing, interpreting, and eliciting a response
  • Motor / Efferent Neurons
    • Nerve impulses: travel away from the CNS toward effector organs

General Anatomy of the CNS

  • Gray Matter
    • Areas of the CNS consisting primarily of:
      • Cell bodies
      • Dendrites
      • Axon terminals
    • Area where synaptic transmission and neural integration occurs
  • White Matter
    • Areas in the CNS consisting primarily of myelinated axons
      • Function to rapidly transmit action potentials over relatively long distances

The Spinal Cord

  • Gray matter: concentrated in the butterfly-

shaped interior region of the spinal cord

  • Ventral Horn
    • Contains Efferent Neurons
      • Interneurons
      • Cell bodies
      • Dendrite
  • Dorsal Horn
    • Contains Afferent Neurons
      • Axon terminals

The Spinal Cord

  • Afferent Nerve Fibers
    • Cell bodies are located outside the spinal cord in clusters called dorsal root ganglia
    • These fibers form the dorsal roots
  • Efferent Nerve Fibers
    • Cell bodies are located in the spinal cord
    • These fibers for the ventral roots

Spinal Cord

  • White Matter: consists of Tracts providing

communication between

  • Different levels of the spinal cord, or
  • The brain and various levels of the spinal cord
  • Ascending Tracts
  • Transmit information from the spinal cord to the brain
  • Descending Tracts
  • Transmit information from the brain to the spinal cord

The Brain

  • Forebrain
    • Largest and most superior portion of the brain
    • Divided into right and left hemispheres
    • Consists of the Cerebrum and Diencephalon
  • Cerebellum
    • Located inferior to the forebrain
    • Functions include motor coordination, balance, and feedback systems
  • Brainstem
    • Connects the forebrain and cerebellum to the spinal cord
    • Consists of the Midbrain , Pons , and Medulla Oblongata

The Brain – Cerebrum (Forebrain): Areas of

Specialized Function

  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex
    • Involved in processing somatic sensory information associated with: - Somesthetic sensations such as touch, temperature and pain perception - Proprioception which is the awareness of muscle tension, joint position, and limb position
  • Primary Motor Cortex
    • Initiates voluntary movement

The Brain – Cerebrum (Forebrain)

  • The cerebral cortex is topographically organized
    • Areas may be mapped according to function
    • Called somatotopic organization
  • Motor and Sensory Homunculi
    • Map of the cerebral cortex corresponding to the part of the body served by a particular region
    • The size of the body part on the homunculus is proportional to the amount of brain dedicated to that body part - For Example, the hand is very large on both the sensory and motor homunculus because it has many sensory receptors and requires very fine motor control.