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Here's a bulleted outline of Chapter 1: "Exceptionality and Special Education" from Exceptional Learners (15th ed.) by Hallahan, Pullen, & Kauffman (2023):
SECTION 1: Getting Oriented to Exceptional Learners and Special
Education
● Definition of Exceptional Learners
○ Students who differ from the norm to such an extent that they require individualized instruction or services.
○ Includes those with disabilities and those who are gifted/talented.
● Prevalence of Exceptional Learners
○ About 10% of school-aged children in the U.S. receive special education services.
○ Categorized into:
■ High-incidence disabilities : learning disabilities, speech/language impairments, emotional disturbance.
■ Low-incidence disabilities : autism, intellectual disabilities, sensory impairments, physical disabilities.
● Definition of Special Education
○ Specifically designed instruction to meet the unique needs of a student with a disability.
○ Involves:
■ Individually planned
■ Specialized
■ Intensive
■ Goal-directed
■ Research-based
● Concepts to Understand
○ Disability : Inability to do something most people can do.
○ Handicap : A limitation imposed by the environment or society.
○ Not all inabilities are disabilities.
○ Focus on strengths and abilities, not just limitations.
SECTION 2: History and Origins of Special Education
● Pre-20th Century :
○ Limited public concern or support for individuals with disabilities.
○ Institutions often provided care, not education.
● Early 20th Century :
○ Rise of compulsory education laws.
○ Emergence of categorical classification (e.g., “mentally retarded,” “crippled”).
○ Pioneering work by educators like Itard and Seguin in individualized instruction.
● Mid to Late 20th Century :
○ Shift toward integration and inclusion.
○ Parents and advocacy groups began demanding public education access.
SECTION 3: Legislation and Litigation
● Key Federal Laws :
○ Ensuring meaningful inclusion and equity.
Summary Highlights
● Exceptionality involves both differences and similarities.
● Special education is tailored, intensive instruction for students with unique learning needs.
● The field has evolved significantly due to advocacy, legislation, and improved practices.
● Optimism stems from growing support, treatment breakthroughs, and inclusive attitudes.
● Major organizations like Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) provide valuable professional support.
