Download OTM NEW EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED and more Exams Production and Operations Management in PDF only on Docsity!
OTM NEW EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED
Structures of the eye involved in the accommodative process crystalline lens, zonules, iris, ciliary body
Components of the tear film and what structures are responsible for producing them aqueous layer- lacrimal gland lipid layer- meibomian glands mucin layer- goblet cells in the conjuctival epithelia
Characteristics of a snellen chart single letter at top differences in letter design and selection-not all sloan letters differences in letter spacing different number of letters in each line
Bailey-Lovie Design Principles logarithmic size progression (constant ratio) same number of letters at each level spacing between letters and between rows that is proportional to letter size sloan letters
ETDRS chart Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study sloan letters single letter scoring (a one line change indicated a meaningfuk change in visual acuity)
log scale sizing per line equal spacing of letters same average legibility per line
what is the purpose of a "preferential looking" chart to determine the patient's VA using the minimum separable/grating and watch to see where the patient looks
What is a potential acuity meter (PAM) used for patients with cataracts and patients with amblyopia uses two pinpoint coherent lights to create interference patterns with various spacing directly on the retina
What is the size progression of each line on a chart whose lines change by 0.1 logMAR units MAR of 1.0, 1.25, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.2, 4.0. every three lines is a decrease in vision by double
what size snellen letter is commonly used in childrens books (9-12 years) 20/
what size snellen letter is commonly used in childrens books (7-8 years) 20/
in the fovea, are there more cones or rods? cones
occurs when a sine wave (think airy disk profile) has a spatial period (peak to peak) that is twice the cone distance. theoretical limit is 1' arc
what is the neural resolution about 1' arc
describe the rods and cones density in the center of the fovea The centre of fovea contains no rod, no capillaries
about how big is the fovea 199 000 -300 000 mm^
what is MAR and logMAR Minimum angle of resolution= Reciprocal of Snellen fraction. -Tell us the minimum quantity of detail a patient can see about to resolve minutes of arc. logMAR is the logarithmic value of MAR which when used in creating VA charts, is a more constant and uniform size progression than that of a snellen chart
formula to find K value from corneal radius of curvature K=(n'-n)/r with n' being 1.3375 for our keratometers
find radius of curvature from K value r=(n'-n)/K with n' being 1.3375 for our keratometers
what is the simplified Javal's rule equation TRA=deltaK+0.50 ATR
what is the full Javal's rule equation TRA= (1.25)*deltaK+0.50 ATR
what are the two ways to record K readings? first is with horizontal first (OS: 43.00@180/ 44.00@090) second is flatter K first (OS: 43.00/ OD: 44.00@090)
how to extend keratometer with K readings higher than 52.00D use a +1.25D lens and use table to find corresponding K value
how to extend keratometer with K readings lower than 36.00D use a -1.00D lens and use table to find corresponding K value
what is the mean K value? 43.5D
what is the neurological triad? convergence, accommodation, and pupil constriction
what is placido's disk used for to see if the cornea is shaped normally
Why do we used a modified n' value when calculating for the power of the surface of the cornea? to account for the posterior surface of the cornea (n'=1.3375)
does a patient with no corneal astigmatism have a max & min (principle meridians) no
the pupil causes ______ which causes degradation of the image (bluriness) diffraction
what is the average adult IPD 60-64mm
placing unwanted prism in front of a patient creates asthenopia
what is the primary focal point Where can the object be located so that when light hits a lens, it leaves parallel. (f) for a minus lens, the primary focal point is to the right of the lens-virtual object for a plus lens, the primary focal point is to the left of the lens-real object
what is the second principle focus if you have parallel light entering a system, where does light focus (f') for a negative lens, the second principle focus is left of the lens virtual image for a positive lens, the second principle focus is right of the lens real image
with a real object, if you want to increase the divergence incident on the lens? move the object closer to the lens
what are the refractive elements of the eye
- tear film
- cornea (most important)
- aqueous humor
- lens (second importance)
- vitreous
what do cones detect detail and color
what do rods detect movement
what is the function of the lacrimal gland
which eye determines the amplitude of accommmodation? fixating eye
accommodation will be needed whenever an object falls ______ a pt's farpoint within
an object placed at the pt's farpoint requires ______ accommodation zero
simple myopic astigmatism emmetropic in one meridian; other is myopic
simple hyperopic astigmatism emmetropic in one meridian; other is hyperopic
compound myopic astigmatism both meridians are myopic
compound hyperopic astigmatism both meridians are hyperopic
mixed astigmatism one meridian is hyperopic; other is myopic
TQ: Aphakia without a lens
anisometropia difference in power between the eyes in one or both meridians ***>1.00D difference is significant
antimetropia One eye hyperopic, one eye myopic *** >1.00D is significant
amblyopia best corrected vision is worse than 20/20 without any structural/pathological abnormalities must have amblyogenic factor: constant eye turn, refractive error, image deprivation
Isometropia myopia as an amblyogenic factor is characterized by a prescription > ___________D in BOTH eyes. -8.00D
Anisometropia myopia as an amblyogenic factor is characterized by a difference in
________D between the eyes -3.00D
Isometropia hyperopia as an amblyogenic factor is characterized as a prescription > ___________D in BOTH eyes. +5.00D
Anisometropia hyperopia as ambylogenic factor is characterized by a difference in prescription >_____D between the eyes +1.00D
myopia farpoint is always _____, _____, _____ always closer than infinity; always located in real space, and FP vergence is always divergent at the cornea
hyperopia farpoint is always ____, ____, ____ located behind the retina; FP vergence is always convergent at the cornea; there is no place in real space that will focus an image on the retina
dynamic retinoscopy looking at the eyeball while the accommodative system is at work
sleeve down plane mirror position. with sleeve down, light leaving the retinoscope is diverging with motion: add plus against motion: add minus
sleeve up concave mirror position. with sleeve up, light leaving the retinoscope is converging with motion: add minus against motion: add plus
motion depends on working distance and farpoint
a farpoint behind me shows _____ motion (sleeve down) with motion
a farpoint between me and the pt shows ____ motion (sleeve down) against motion
the closer we get to neutral, the beam movement gets _____ and _______ faster and the light is brighter
does your working distance affect the patients farpoint? no
gross retinoscopy value total lenses needed to get pt to neutral
over-minusing a myope will cause the pt to ________ accommodate
what is the first and second thing you ask the patient after introducing the risley prisms "What do you see" and "Are both lines readable"
what can you determine if the patient sees a vertically oriented ellipse the magnitude of refractive error in the horizontal meridian is less
each line on the vertexometer is equal to what 2mm
the largest black line on the vertexometer is equal to what 13.75mm
two steps in estimating patients astigmatic error using the interval of sterm and imagery identify meridian closest to emmetropia the image formed by this meridian will dominate
how to find patients circle of least confusion sph + (1/2)cyl
cobalt blue on the slit lamp is used for what IOP, Fluorescein
red-free on the slit lamp is used for what viewing the nerve fiber layer, hemorrhages, and blood vessels
white light on the slit lamp is used for what rose bengal and routine exam
retroillumation uses light reflecting off the retina to view defects in the lens
specular reflection used to evaluate corneal endothelium
sclerotic scatter Illumination of the limbus to create total internal reflection through the cornea. makes the halo around the limbus. can be used to view edema and opacities
conical beam is useful to view iritis and uveitis (cells/flare) in anterior chamber
lids & lashes findings notation
right eye: superior rectus; left eye: inferior oblique
in upward left gaze, what EOM is isolated in the right eye? the left eye? right eye: inferior oblique; left eye: superior rectus
in straight left gaze, what EOM is isolated in the right eye? the left eye? right eye: medial rectus; left eye: lateral rectus
in downward left gaze, what EOM is isolated in the right eye? the left eye? right eye: superior oblique; left eye: inferior rectus
in downward right gaze, what EOM is isolated in the right eye? the left eye? right eye: inferior rectus; left eye: superior oblique
in straight right gaze, what EOM is isolated in the right eye? the left eye? right eye: lateral rectus; left eye: medial rectus
agonist muscle in the eye that is responsible for a given eye movement
synergist muscle in the same ye that assists the agonist example is OD superior inferior oblique is synergistic with the right lateral rectus
antagonist
muscle in the same eye that moves the eye in the opposite direction as the agonist
field of action position where a given muscle us primary mover
field of action of right superior rectus upward right gaze
field of action of the left inferior oblique upward right gaze
field of action of right lateral rectus straight right gaze
field of action of left medial rectus straight right gaze
field of action of right inferior rectus downward right gaze
field of action of left superior oblique downward right gaze
what two muscles share a field of action that is straight upward gaze superior rectus and inferior oblique in BOTH EYES
