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Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World
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**Chapter 1: An Invisible World
- = Correct answer Multiple Choice**
- Which of the following is true of the microbial world? A. All microbes are harmful. B. Humans could survive without microbes. C. Many microbes are helpful.* D. Most microbes are pathogenic. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23, 24
- Which of the following is when humans first suspected the existence of microbes? A. during the Industrial Revolution B. in prehistoric times* C. in the last century D. within the last 500 years Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23
- Which individual first observed unicellular organisms, which he called “animalcules,” using a microscope he developed? A. Robert Koch B. Louis Pasteur C. Thucydides D. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 6
- To reduce the risk of open flame from Bunsen burners, microbiologists are increasingly using which of the following devices for easy, rapid benchtop sterilization of small pieces of equipment? A. autoclaves B. ethylene oxide C. incubators D. microincinerators*
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 36
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World
- The Romans may have reduced their risk of waterborne infectious diseases by using which of the following? A. a variety of pharmaceutical products B. aqueducts and a sewer system* C. prophylactic antibiotics D. quarantine of people with leprosy Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23
- For which of the following is Thucydides known? A. developing an effective sewer system in ancient Greece, helping to reduce levels of disease in cities B. observing microbes, using a microscope, for the first time, even distinguishing between bacteria and fungi C. proposing that disease was caused by microorganisms D. realizing that people who had been infected by the Athenian plague had immunity to reinfection* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23, 31
- Ernst Haeckel proposed a classification system consisting of which of the following subgroups? A. five kingdoms B. four kingdoms* C. two domains and three kingdoms D. two domains and five kingdoms Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
- Viruses not included in phylogenetic trees for which of the following reasons? A. It is too difficult to observe their characteristics. B. They are acellular and nonliving.* C. They do not have any genes, which prevents genetic analysis. D. They lack a nucleus. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 5
- Which is the best description of the primary purpose of a phylogeny? A. Phylogenies show all the alterative names for each species. B. Phylogenies show all the common names for each species. C. Phylogenies show evolutionary relatedness between organisms.*
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World D. Phylogenies show interactions between species in a shared habitat. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 5
- Current phylogenetic analyses include which of the following? A. information from a range of sources, including morphological, genetic, and biochemical data* B. information on visible similarities only C. information regarding how to classify organisms on the basis of external morphological characteristics and visible behaviors D. varied morphological and structural characteristics, with preference for leaving historical classifications to prevent confusion Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 5
- Diatoms are classified within which of the following domains? A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. Eukarya* D. Prokaryota Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
- Horizontal gene transfer involves which of the following? A. any transfer of genes in a laboratory setting B. the transfer of genes from a virus to a bacterium or vice versa but not any other form of gene transfer C. the transfer of genes from one individual to another, including from one species to another, but not from parent to offspring* D. the transfer of genes from parent to offspring Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 2, 4
- Bacteria are generally identified to species by using which of the following? A. a combination of genetic, biochemical, and microscopic approaches* B. a combination of microscopic and physiological approaches, but not genetics C. primarily characteristics such as motility that can be visualized using microscopy D. primarily morphological characteristics of individual cells Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 34, 36
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 4
- Which of the following is not a curved bacterial shape? A. bacillus* B. spirillum C. spirochete D. vibrio Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 34
- Based just on the name, which of the following groups of bacteria contains entirely species that consume organic compounds for food? A. cyanobacteria B. green nonsulfur bacteria C. green sulfur bacteria D. nonphotosynthetic bacteria* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 11, 13, 20
- Chitin cell walls are characteristic of which taxonomic group? A. algae B. archaea C. bacteria D. fungi* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20
- Yeasts are which of the following? A. a type of algae B. a type of protist C. any unicellular microbe D. unicellular fungi* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20
- The cell walls of archaeans often contain which of the following substances? A. cellulose B. chitin C. peptidoglycan D. pseudopeptidoglycan*
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20
- Which of the following is not true of archaeans? A. Some species live on the human body. B. They are genetically distinct from bacteria. C. They are only found in extreme environments.* D. They have substantial metabolic differences from bacteria. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 20
- Which of the following is not true of algae? A. All the algae are classified together in one similar group closely related to green plants.* B. Ingredients made from algae, including carrageenan, are used in food products. C. They are being used to develop biofuels. D. They are sometimes multicellular. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20, 23, 26
- Oral thrush is caused by which type of organism? A. algae B. bacteria C. fungi* D. protists Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23
- Mycotoxins are produced by which type of organism? A. archaeans B. heterotrophic protists C. molds* D. protozoans Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23
- Which of the following is not a common use of fungi? A. the production of alcoholic beverages B. the production of carrageenan* C. the production of cyclosporine D. the production of penicillin
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World ASM Standard: 23, 26
- Analyses of rRNA genes suggest that Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya evolved from a common ancestor. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 5
- The average size of a typical virus is approximately 100 nm. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
- When a scientific name is used repeatedly, both the genus and species must always be written out in full to avoid confusion. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
- Taenia saginata is a type of fungus that causes disease. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 Matching
- Match each type of microbiological tool with the best definition. A. loop i. tool used to transfer microbes from one location to another B. media ii. liquid, solid, or gel that contains nutrients to aid microbial growth C. microincinerator iii. tool used to sterilize equipment D. Petri plate iv. container used to grow microbial cultures Answers: A. i., B. ii., C. iii., D. iv. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 36
- Match the bacterial shape with the illustration.
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World Prevention; credit micrograph “iii”: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Answers: A. v., B. i., C. iv., D. iii., E. ii. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 34
- Match each type of microbe with the best description. A. algae i. a very broad, informal grouping of organisms that do not fit into other eukaryotic kingdoms and that may be photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic B. fungi ii. a diverse, informal subgroup of organisms that may move using cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia C. protists iii. a group of photosynthetic organisms with cellulose cell walls D. protozoa iv. a group of nonphotosynthetic organisms that usually have cell walls containing chitin Answers: A. iii., B. iv., C. i., D. ii. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 2
- Match each subfield of microbiology with the most appropriate example. A. bacteriology i. the study of how antibodies are released in response to a pathogen B. immunology ii. the study of how fungi cause disease in plants C. mycology iii. the study of the classification of bacilli D. parasitology iv. the study of how to reduce the rate of guinea worm infections E. protozoology v. the study of heterotrophic protists (credit micrograph “i”: modification of work by Janice Haney Carr, Centers for Disease Control and
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World
- Carl Woese and George Fox sequenced and analyzed from a wide range of organisms to build their phylogenetic tree. Answer: rRNA (or ribosomal RNA) Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 4, 5
- The archaebacteria are now called. Answer: Archaea Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
- The genus of Halobacterium salinarum is. Answer: Halobacterium Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A
- is the standard reference book that provides guidance on identifying and classifying prokaryotes. Answer: Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 34
- There are nanometers in 520 meters. Answer: 520,000,000, Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 29
- The thermophilic genus Thermoproteus includes extremophiles classified in the domain . Answer: Archaea Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 5
- The cytoplasmic extensions used by some protists to move are called. Answer: pseudopods Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A Short Answer
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World
- What is horizontal gene transfer? Sample Answer: Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material between two organisms that are not related as parent and offspring. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 2
- How are newly discovered organisms named? Sample Answer: Newly discovered organisms are usually given names that describe their characteristics and/or that honor a particular individual. The names are generally Latin, Greek, or English. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 5
- How do protozoa move? Sample Answer: Protozoa can move using structures such as pseudopods, flagella, and cilia. They may also be carried by the water in which they live. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A
- Why are formal scientific names based on a standardized system more useful than simple names that just describe characteristics, such as “orange cat-like animal”? Sample Answer: Organisms may have similar characteristics, especially in closely related species. By having a formal naming system, it is possible to clearly distinguish organisms so that people around the world can identify exactly which organism is being discussed. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
- What are at least four types of products made using fermentation? Sample Answer: Fermentation is used to make alcoholic products, cheese, yogurts, pickled vegetables, and bread. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 11, 23, 26
- What is the Hippocratic Oath? Sample Answer: The Hippocratic Oath is an oath taken by new doctors to pledge their willingness to follow certain ethical guidelines, such as avoiding causing harm to their patients. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World
- What does it mean to say that some photosynthetic bacteria, including some green sulfur bacteria, are anoxygenic? Consider the word parts in “anoxygenic” if you are not sure. Sample Answer: Anoxygenic means that they do not generate oxygen. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 11
- Who published Systema Naturae and what did it present? Sample Answer: Systema Naturae was published by Carolus Linnaeus to present his taxonomic system. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: N/A
- Of the three domains, which is/are known to contain some human pathogens? Sample Answer: Bacteria and Eukarya contain some species that are human pathogens. No known archaeal pathogens have been identified. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 Brief Essay Essay Question Rubric RATIN G Failing Below Average Competent Advanced Criteria for evaluati on Answer does not provide an argument. Answer contains inaccuracies . Writing is poor and contains numerous grammatica l mistakes and misspellings . Answer fails to provide examples to support an argument. Writing is poor and grammatical errors are common. Answer is somewhat incoheren t. Answer provides an argument with one or two examples that support it. Writing is acceptable for the college level but may contain one or two grammatical mistakes or misspellings. Answer clearly provides an argument with two or more excellent examples that support it; student makes the argument clearly and eloquently. Answer is well organized and free of grammatical errors and misspellings. POINT VALUE
Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points.
Bank Chapter 1: An Invisible World
- Explain why some scientists think that it may be more appropriate to describe a “web of life” instead of a “tree of life.” Answer: Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. A tree suggests straightforward pathways of evolution from one branch to another. Because horizontal gene transfer is common, this does not fully represent the complexity involved in evolution. A web would better show ways genes can be transferred from one taxonomic group to another. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 5
- Halobacterium salinarum is classified in the domain Archaea. Why does its name suggest it is a bacterium? This answer is not in the textbook chapter, so you should speculate based on your understanding of taxonomy. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. This species was identified before the domain Archaea was recognized. As a result, it was previously considered a bacterium and given a bacterial name. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
- Consider the phylogenetic tree below. Explain how it shows the relationships between Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, and their common ancestor. Of these three groups, which two are more closely related and how can you tell from the figure? (credit: modification of work by Eric Gaba) Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. The lines leading to Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya branch from the same root, meaning they all share a common ancestor. Archaea and Eukarya branch more closely together than either branches with
