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Orthotic Fitter Exam Study Guide | 2024
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What muscles make up the hamstrings - ✔✔semimembranosus, semitendinosis, bicep femoris Chondromalasis patella may be caused by - ✔✔over pronated foot, weak vastus medialis obliquis, weak gluestus medius What is Bursistis - ✔✔Inflammation of the bursa, causing swelling and pain What are bursa - ✔✔fluid filled sacs between tissues What is eccentric - ✔✔controlled movement in which you move toward an opposing force, rather than away. Lengthening of the muscle Example of eccentric muscle contraction - ✔✔lowering a weight, walking down stairs What is apropulsive gait - ✔✔foot drop, partial foot amputation or soft tissue dysfunction Proprioception rehabilitation can on occur - ✔✔during controlled motion when weight bearing Normally____, when torn loose by a sudden ____, seldom break in the middle rather, they _____ away from the _____ at the _____ - ✔✔Normally tendons, when torn loose by a sudden force, seldom break in the middle rather, they pull away from the bone at the end What is antalgic gait - ✔✔a gait in which the stance phase is shorter than the swing phase. It is a good indicator of weight bearing pain
What is Ataxic gait - ✔✔an unsteady, uncoordinated walk with a wide base and the feet thrown out, coming down first on the heel and then the toes with a double tap What is the popliteal fossa - ✔✔cavity posterior to the knee What is the function of the skeletal system - ✔✔to provide a flexible foundation and manufacture red blood cells What is a shoulder joint - ✔✔ball and socket joint, muscle dominated joint and can move in all planes Joint stability requires - ✔✔adequate strength, appropriate ROM and adequate proprioception What is a closed kinetic chain - ✔✔a series of connected joints in which the distal segment is in fixed, weight bearing position. Orthotics can aid in - ✔✔eccentric muscle activity, reactive muscle activity and concentric muscle activity What is concentric - ✔✔muscle activation (contraction) that causes tension on your muscle as it shortens, generating enough force to move an object Example of concentric muscle contraction - ✔✔Bicep curl What is double-step gait - ✔✔a gait in which there is a noticeable difference in length/timing of alternate steps What are sacomeres - ✔✔overlapping work units within muscle structures How can the posterior cruciate ligament can be injured - ✔✔excessive ankle dorsiflexion and a so called dash-board injury.
What is the Gluteus Medius - ✔✔a hip external rotator, a hip abductor and it decelerates the hip internal rotation What are the 4 muscles in the rotator cuff - ✔✔supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis What is Trendelenburg gait - ✔✔a gait in which the pelvis sags on opposite side of nerve damage to gluteus medius causing pelvic instability What does a solid AFO inhibit - ✔✔all ankle motion What does a hinged AFO allow - ✔✔Dorsi/plantarflexion but NOT inversion/eversion What does a leaf spring AFO allow - ✔✔plantarflexion but NOT dorsiflexion During which phase of gait cycle does an AFO with dorsiflexion assisnt in - ✔✔swing phase What is velocity - ✔✔The distance walked in a certain amount of time What is another name for heel off - ✔✔terminal stance What is extension - ✔✔straightening the movement that INCREASES the angle between body parts. What is an example of extension - ✔✔when standing up the knees are extended What is Abduction - ✔✔movement away from the midline of the body example of abduction - ✔✔raising the arms, laterally to the sides What is adduction - ✔✔movement toward the midline of the body
Example of adduction - ✔✔arms straight out at the shoulders, bringing them down to the sides What is Pronation - ✔✔leaning inward/down Example of pronation - ✔✔when your palm/forearm faces down What is supination - ✔✔leaning outward/up What is dorsiflexion - ✔✔flexing the foot and toes upward what is plantarflexion - ✔✔movement of the foot downward, away from body example of plantar flexion - ✔✔pressing the gas pedal down example of dorsiflextion - ✔✔moving foot towards chin what is a joint - ✔✔articulation, is a point of contact between bones or between bone and cartilage synovial joint - ✔✔most common type of articulation and have a small gap between the bones cartilaginous joint - ✔✔formed where bone meets cartilage, have gel like consistency what are the 4 major type of synovial joints - ✔✔hinge, gliding, saddle and ball and socket hinge joint - ✔✔enable movement similar to opening and closing of a hinged door, in the knee and elbow
anterior inferior tibial fibular ligament - ✔✔high ankle sprain ligament, positioned on the lower front of the ankle and helps keep tibia and fibula together interosseous membrane - ✔✔made of strong fibrous tissue and runs along the tibia and fibula and keeps them moving as one unit plantar calcaneonvicular ligament - ✔✔spring ligament on the underside of the foot that connects the calcaneus with the navicular plantar aponeurosis - ✔✔plantar fascia, layer of fascia along the sole of the foot, maintains the foots arch what are the joints of the foot and ankle - ✔✔ankle, talocrural, chopart joint, lisfranc, metatarsalphalengeal, interphalangeal joint what are the ankle joints - ✔✔posterior talofibular, anterior interior tibiofibular, anterior talofibular, deltoid, calcaneofibular origin of a muscle - ✔✔where is begins insertion of a muscle - ✔✔where it ends longus - ✔✔lower leg muscles that evert the foot also - ✔✔abduct the foot muscles that invert the foot also - ✔✔adduct the foot movements in the toes - ✔✔flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
hallucis - ✔✔foot hallux - ✔✔great toe extrinsic muscles - ✔✔move the entire foot intrinsic muscles - ✔✔move the toes/ support the arch gastrocnemius - ✔✔above medial condyle of femur plantarflexes the ankle, stabilizes knee and ankle when standing, soleus - ✔✔upper fibula, plantar flexes the foot plantaris - ✔✔above lateral head of gastrocnemius of femur, plantar flexes the foot popliteus - ✔✔lateral femoral head, laterally rotates femur on tibia and unlocks the knee flexor digitorum longus - ✔✔flexes the 2nd-5th toes posterior tibialis - ✔✔stabilizes ankle, inversion and adduction of foot flexor hallucis longus - ✔✔flexes the big toe peroneus longus - ✔✔eversion and abduction of the foot peroneus brevis - ✔✔eversion and abduction of the foot
