Organic Compounds - Review Sheet for Exam | BIO 101 | Study notes Biology

Review sheet – Chapter 3

Understand that organic compounds are, by definition, carbon-based

Understand why carbon with its 4 outermost electrons is unparalleled in its ability to form large,

diverse molecules

Understand that carbon completes its outermost shell by sharing electrons in covalent bonds

Understand (and be able to identify) that methane, CH4 is one of the simplest organic

compounds

Know the definition of a hydrocarbon; be able to recognize an example of a hydrocarbon

Understand that carbon skeletons vary in length, can be branched or unbranched, have double

or single bonds, and form rings or not

Know the definition of hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Be able to recognize the six functional groups vital to organic compounds: hydroxyl, carbonyl,

carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl

Understand that subtle changes in one or more functional groups results in significant changes

in the chemical properties and thus, actions of these molecules (example: testosterone and

estrogen)

Understand that there are 4 important organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and

nucleic acids

Understand what a polymer is, and that it consists of monomers

Understand that carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids (and to a lesser extent lipids) are

polymers

Understand dehydration and hydrolysis reactions – which one builds up polymers and which

one breaks them down; how? Know that a polymer and an unlinked monomer have a hydroxyl

group (OH) on one end and an H atom on the other end; how does this facilitate water removal

or addition?

Understand that hydrolysis and dehydration reactions proceed with the help of enzymes;

understand that enzymes speed up and facilitate the chemical reactions in cells

Understand that carbohydrates are made up of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

Understand that carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides monomers

Understand that monosaccharides can be linked together to form polysaccharides

Know that polysaccharides contain many monosaccharides and that disaccharides contain 2

monosaccharides

Understand that glucose is a monosaccharide and is produced by plants during photosynthesis

and serves as the fuel for cellular work

Understand that monosaccharides generally have the molecular formula that is some multiple

of CH2O (ex. C6H12O6)

Understand that glucose is water-soluble (hydrophilic)

Be able to recognize the three disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, and lactose

Understand that a dehydration reaction is required to combine monosaccharides into di- or

poly-saccharides

Partial preview of the text

Download Organic Compounds - Review Sheet for Exam | BIO 101 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Review sheet – Chapter 3  Understand that organic compounds are, by definition, carbon-based  Understand why carbon with its 4 outermost electrons is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules  Understand that carbon completes its outermost shell by sharing electrons in covalent bonds  Understand (and be able to identify) that methane, CH 4 is one of the simplest organic compounds  Know the definition of a hydrocarbon; be able to recognize an example of a hydrocarbon  Understand that carbon skeletons vary in length, can be branched or unbranched, have double or single bonds, and form rings or not  Know the definition of hydrophilic and hydrophobic  Be able to recognize the six functional groups vital to organic compounds: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl  Understand that subtle changes in one or more functional groups results in significant changes in the chemical properties and thus, actions of these molecules (example: testosterone and estrogen)  Understand that there are 4 important organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids  Understand what a polymer is, and that it consists of monomers  Understand that carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids (and to a lesser extent lipids) are polymers  Understand dehydration and hydrolysis reactions – which one builds up polymers and which one breaks them down; how? Know that a polymer and an unlinked monomer have a hydroxyl group (OH) on one end and an H atom on the other end; how does this facilitate water removal or addition?  Understand that hydrolysis and dehydration reactions proceed with the help of enzymes ; understand that enzymes speed up and facilitate the chemical reactions in cells  Understand that carbohydrates are made up of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon  Understand that carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides monomers  Understand that monosaccharides can be linked together to form polysaccharides  Know that polysaccharides contain many monosaccharides and that disaccharides contain 2 monosaccharides  Understand that glucose is a monosaccharide and is produced by plants during photosynthesis and serves as the fuel for cellular work  Understand that monosaccharides generally have the molecular formula that is some multiple of CH 2 O (ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 )  Understand that glucose is water-soluble (hydrophilic)  Be able to recognize the three disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, and lactose  Understand that a dehydration reaction is required to combine monosaccharides into di- or poly-saccharides

 Understand that the most common types of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin  Know the fundamental differences and characteristic of starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin  Know that starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides composed of many glucose molecules  Know that cellulose and chitin are structural polysaccharides  Understand the process of storing and breaking down glucose molecules in the human body (the roles of glucose, glycogen, insulin, glucagon)  Understand the limitations of cellulose in the animal diet  Understand that lipids include oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids and steroids; know that they contain carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen linked by nonpolar bonds  Know that lipids contain twice as much energy as carbohydrates  Understand what a fat is (what it is composed of) and why it is called a triglyceride  Understand how dehydration reactions create a fat molecule  Understand the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats; why do unsaturated fats not contain the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms?, which are solid/liquid at room temperature?  What roles do triglycerides play? (storage of energy, insulation, etc)  Understand what a phospholipid is; understand the nonpolar and polar components of a phospholipid  Understand how a phospholipid bilayer provides a cell with a structure (membrane) that separates the outside of the cell from the inside; be able to draw a phospholipid bilayer  Understand that steroids are lipids that do not contain fatty acids, but are composed of 4 carbon rings fused together  Understand that cholesterol is a common steroid found in animals (not plants)  Be able to recognize estrogen, cortisol, progesterone and cholesterol as steroids  Understand that proteins are built up from 20 different amino acids  Know that amino acids are molecules that have a carboxyl and amino group  Be able to identify an example of a protein or a substance made up of proteins given in class  Know why 8 of the amino acids are considered essential  Understand what a peptide bond is, and that it is a covalent bond  Understand that the shape of a protein determines its function  Know the definition of denaturation  Know and be able to describe the 4 levels of structure of a protein  Know what a prion is and why it is so lethal  Know what a nucleic acid is and what 2 molecules are nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)  Know how RNA and DNA differ in the types of bases (DNA: A,T,C,G; RNA: A, U, C, G)  Know which sugars make up RNA and DNA  Know the monomers that make up nucleic acids (nucleotides)  Know that nucleotides consists of a phosphate group, a 5-Carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base  Know which nitrogenous bases pair up with each other (e.g., A and T in DNA, etc)

Organic Compounds - Review Sheet for Exam | BIO 101, Study notes of Biology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Organic Compounds - Review Sheet for Exam | BIO 101 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!