Download OPT 113 Midterm 1 and 2: Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging Questions and Answers and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
OPT 1 13 MIDTERM 1 AND 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS!!
- OPT 113 MIDTERM 1
- OPT 113 MIDTERM 2
OPT 1 13 MIDTERM 1
pertaining to, located toward the head - ANSWER cranial pertaining to, or located toward the tail - ANSWER caudal When reading neuroimaging, what are the things to keep in mine? -type, region/structure, condition (with or without contrast), orientation (sagittal, ANSWER image transverse, coronal), age, and sex What is a fancy xray that scans 180-degree arc? - ANSWER CT Scan How does a CT scan work? -opposing side of tissue to create 2-D image ANSWER Computer detects signal strength exiting
What is the contrast agent of CT scan? - ANSWER iodine What are advantages of CT Scan? - ANSWER quick, cheaper than MRI What are disadvantages of a CT scan? -patient will become more at risk of cancer ANSWER -Can not do multiple times because -Certain tisuues (joints & ligaments) not easily detected
What is the characteristics of a CT scan image? - ANSWER Bone and tumor = white Blood, muscle, gray matter = light gray White matter = medium grayCSF = medium gray to black Air, fat = black If I was looking for a tumor using a CT scan, what color would I need to be looking on theimage? - ANSWER white
What does PET stand for? - ANSWER positron emission tomography How does a PET scan work? -radioactive isotopes decay and these isotopes are mixed with glucose so that when ANSWER Positrons (+ electrons) are released when injected, the metabolically active tissue will need to take up the glucose to make ATP sopositions will be seen (released) once glucose is used
What conditions or diseases do physicians use PET to image? -movement disorders, seizures, TBI, schizophrenia ANSWER Tumors,
When looking at a PET scan, what color would you look for in order to find a tumor? -ANSWER The white/yellow region since that means there is high metabolic activity happening in this area What does MRI stand for? - ANSWER magnetic resonance imaging How does MRI imaging work? -MRI machine to enhance or cancel the magnetic fields of hydrogen atoms. Turning off ANSWER Electromagnetic field is induced using the the magnetic field causes hydrogen atoms to give off energy as their magnetic fieldreturn to baseline. This energy emitted is then used to create 2D image.
How is a T1 weighted image obtained? - ANSWER Created from cancelled atoms
What are the cons in using fMRI over PET? -can't be done if there is metal in the body ANSWER Patient must remain still, noisy,
What are the pros of general x-ray? -like tumor ANSWER Cheap, bone fracture, tissue changes
What are cons of general x-ray? -or you could possibly not see how large the tumor is ANSWER Only 2D so things can be behind the tumor
What is the basic unit of the nervous system? - ANSWER neuron What are the three parts of a neuron? - ANSWER cell body, dendrites, axon What is a group of a lot axons in a cable like structure called? - ANSWER nerve PNS structure that contains a lot of cell bodies of neurons - ANSWER ganglion CNS structure that contains the collection of cell bodies of neurons - ANSWER nucleus Anterior portion of brain - ANSWER rostral Posterior (towards tail) of brain - ANSWER caudal Nerves that receive and transmit information from the environment to the CNS -ANSWER Afferent (sensory)
Nerves that transmit information generated in the CNS to the peripheral -Efferent (motor) ANSWER
What are the two main parts of the CNS? - ANSWER -Central nervous system -Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system is comprised of: - ANSWER brain and spinal cord What type of nerve are spinal nerves? - ANSWER Motor nerves What is the Peripheral nervous system comprised of? -CN I or II) ANSWER -cranial nerves (not -spinal nerves-peripheral nerves -neuromuscular junctions What type of nerves are peripheral nerves? - ANSWER mixed What are the functional divisions of the PNS? -autonomic nervous system ANSWER somatic nervous system and
What does the somatic nervous system do? -voluntary movements ANSWER controls conscious and
What does the autonomic nervous system do? - ANSWER involuntary actions What can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided into? -and parasympathetic ANSWER Sympathetic
What are the somatic PNS effectors? - ANSWER Skeletal muscle
Utilizes protein kinesin: transport secretory vesicles and mitochondria -Rapid anterograde ANSWER
"Axoplasmic flow" -from the cell body to the axon terminals ANSWER a slow process that carries newly synthesized proteins
Utilizes protein dyenin: transport worn-out organelle - ANSWER Rapid Retrograde Motor protein needs ATP to move vesicle to axon termination and need it very quickly(usually neurotransmitter or mitochondria) - ANSWER Rapid anterograde
Transport doesn't need ATP, passive diffusion (cytoplasm transported this way) -ANSWER Slow transport
Organelles that make it to the axon terminal get tired and need to go back to cell body tobe degraded and made into new organelles use what type of transport? - ANSWER Rapid retrograde What are the two types of synapses? - ANSWER electrical and chemical Where can you find electrical synapses? -dendrite in downstream neuron ANSWER In CNS, allow ions to pass into
What is chemical synapse? -neurotransmitters by exocytosis to synaptic cleft and the neurotransmitter binds to ANSWER Action potential causes the release of adjacent dendrite which propagates a rapid anterograde in downstream neuron What is a multipolar neuron? -of the cell body; motor, integrator, intermediate ANSWER a neuron that has many dendrites coming off
What is a bipolar neuron? - ANSWER single dendrite from cell body; sensory receptors
(smell, sight, vestibular) What is a pseudo-unipolar neuron? -common stem off cell body ANSWER Single dendrite/axon arises from -PNS; primary sensory neurons What are the different neuron types by size? - ANSWER Golgi type I and Golgi type II A neuron with long axons that project to distant targets - ANSWER Golgi type I What are Golgi II neurons? --CNS ANSWER -interneurons with small axons -In spinal cord (usually inhibitors & play role in reflexes) What is the most abundant cell in grey matter (CNS)? - ANSWER Astrocytes What are the functions of astrocytes? -support, contribute BBB, modulate local blood flow, neurotransmitter uptake & release, ANSWER structural support, metabolic promote myelination activity by oligodendrocytes, modulate neuron signaling throughregulation of extracellular regulation
What is the ion that astrocytes must absorb during regulation of extracellular ionregulation? - ANSWER K+
What is vasomodulation? - ANSWER modulation of local blood flow Neuroglia derived from mesenchyme and found in CNS - ANSWER microglia What is the immunological function of microglia? - ANSWER Phagocytic role; response
diameter are enveloped. - ANSWER False (other way around) True or False: Myelinated axons in the CNS can be found in the white matter. -ANSWER True
Since myelinated axons are found in the white matter, what is found in the grey matter? -ANSWER cell bodies and glial cells
True or False: White matter is always central in the CNS. -in spinal cord) ANSWER False (peripheral
What is the components of a nerve from smallest to largest? --> Fascicle --> nerve ANSWER Fiber/neurons
What are the connective coverings inside the nerve? -perineurium, epineurium ANSWER Endoneurium,
Connective tissue that covers the fiber. - ANSWER Endoneruium True or False: Perineurium covers the entire outside of a nerve just like periosteumcovers bone. - ANSWER False (covers fasicle)
What does the epineurium cover? - ANSWER entire nerve What are all the components of a nerve (the whole big boy)? -fascicle, nerve, endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium, blood vessels, neuroglia, ANSWER Fibers/neuron, fibrous connective tissue, and fat What happens to an injured soma (CNS)? -degrade and nucleus pushed to one side) ANSWER -Chromatolysis (nissl bodies -total degreneration
True or False: A neuron can come back from chromatolysis. - ANSWER True What are the layers of meninges from outer to inner? - ANSWER -Dura mater -Arachnoid mater-Subarachnoid space -Pia mater True or False: Dura mater is the vascular layer. - ANSWER False What is the dura mater composed of? - ANSWER dense fibrous connective tissue What does the dura mater adhere to? -the vertebra (inside vertebral canal) ANSWER inner table of the skull; arch/body of
What are dural sinuses? -layers of the dura mater ANSWER Blood filled spaces acting as veins between the
What is dural deflections? -separates the right and left hemipheres ANSWER Fault attached to crista galli of ethmoid bone that
What is the middle, spider-like web of vascular tissue of meninges? -Arachnoid mater ANSWER
What is the space that the arachnoid mater is located in? -space ANSWER Subarachnoid
What is the inner most layer of meninges? - ANSWER pia mater
What is the spinal nerves distribution? - ANSWER 31 pairs total -8 Cervical (mixed) -12 Thoracic (mixed)-5 Lumbar (mixed) -5 sacral (mixed)1 coccyx (sensory)
What is the only strictly sensory nerve within spinal nerves? - ANSWER coccyx What is the only strictly motor nerve within spinal nerves? - ANSWER C1 (cervical) Receptive field depends on: -downstream neuron ANSWER size and how many are feeding into the
True or False: Smaller, closer together receptive fields are more sensitive. -True ANSWER
What is the sensory ganglia (contains the cell bodies of neurons) in PNS called? -ANSWER Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion
What type of neurons are located within the posterior root ganglion? -Pseudo-unipolar ANSWER
What type of sensory fibers does the posterior root ganglion contain? -Somatic and visceral ANSWER
Specialized neurons called ______ detect stimuli from inside and outside the body, andsend off electrical signal in response. - ANSWER Receptors
Afferent signals from all over the body enter the CNS where they are organized for insuch a way to yield _____. - ANSWER Our perceptions (correlation of signals)
Our perceptions are stored in the CNS as _____. - ANSWER Memories As a reaction to our sensory perceptions and our memories, the CNS sends out ______signals along neurons. - ANSWER Efferent
The efferent signals travel through neurons of PNS, ending up at: -or glands ANSWER muscles
What type of fibers does the visceral (autonomic) afferent have? -from glands, blood vessels, visceral/internal organs, other special senses (smell & ANSWER receptors taste) What are the fiber types for visceral (automatic) efferent? -effectors, such as smooth and cardiac muscle and some (oddly enough) skeletal muscle ANSWER Innervation to innervated by certain cranial nerves What do dorsal roots contain? - ANSWER sensory axons to CNS What do ventral roots contain? - ANSWER motor axons from CNS What does sympathetic ganglion contain? -the PNS; carries some components of somatic division ANSWER Sympathetic division of ANS of
What do rami communicans contain? -division of ANS ANSWER Neural fibers of the sympathetic
Areas with smaller, densely-packed receptive fields (hand, feet, lips) have greaterpercentages of sensory cortex and ascending tracts - ANSWER Cortical magnification
Muscles in the hand are innervated by spinal nerves from spinal cord level: -C8 and T1 ANSWER
What are the functions of nerve plexuses? -provide routing for nerves in transit ANSWER -join intersecting nerves and -provide diffuse local innervation to structure What is the region of the spinal cord that does not have a nerve plexuses? -thoracic region ANSWER
What are the two main somatic plexuses? - ANSWER Cervical and brachial plexus What forms the cervical plexus? - ANSWER anterior rami of C1-C Motor branches of the cervical plexuses go to into muscles of the neck and join with_____. - ANSWER CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
What are the sensory branches of cervical plexuses? -auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular ANSWER lesser optical, great
True or False: The sensory branches of the cervical plexuses are more superficial thanthe deeper motor neurons. - ANSWER True
The branchial plexus is formed by what? - ANSWER Anterior rami of C5 to T Which part of the brachial plexus is injured if a patient shows signs of "waiter tip"position along with some sensory sensation in arm? - ANSWER Superior portion
Which part of the brachial plexus is injured if a patient shows signs of "claw grip"? -ANSWER Inferior portion
Plexus that serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves -Lumbar ANSWER
Plexus that serves the pelvis, buttocks, pubic region, thigh, calves and feet -Sacral ANSWER
Plexus that serves the tailbone region - ANSWER Coccygeal
OPT 1 13 MIDTERM 2
What is the arrangement of the spinal nerves? -cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacral, and 1 coccygeal) ANSWER 31 pairs of spinal nerves (
What is the cranial nerve characteristics? -(originate from the proencephalon) ANSWER CN I and CN II: CNS character CN III to XII: PNS character (originate from the mesencephalon and therhombencephlon)
Name of CN 1 - ANSWER Olfactory Name of CN II - ANSWER Optic Name of CN III - ANSWER Oculomotor Name of CN IV - ANSWER Trochlear Name of CN V - ANSWER Trigeminal
Function of CN VIII - ANSWER Sensory Function of CN IX - ANSWER Sensory and motor Function of CN X - ANSWER Sensory and motor Function of CN XI - ANSWER motor Function of CN XII - ANSWER motor Which cranial nerve originates from the telencephalon? - ANSWER CN 1 Which cranial nerve originate from the diencephalon? - ANSWER CN II Which cranial nerve originate from the mesencephalon? - ANSWER CN III and CN IV Which cranial nerve originate from the pons/metencephalon? - ANSWER CN V, VI, VII Which cranial nerve originate from medulla/myelencephalon? -XI, XII ANSWER CN VIII, IX, X,
When looking at the brainstem, how can you tell which nerves are motor only? -ANSWER Emerge central
When looking at the brainstem, how can you tell which nerves are sensory only? -ANSWER Emerge lateral
When looking at the brainstem, how can you tell which nerves are sensory and motor(both)? - ANSWER Emerge between the lateral and central nerves
Which cranial nerves are special somatic afferent? - ANSWER 2 and 8 Which cranial nerves are special visceral efferent? - ANSWER 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 Which cranial nerves are special visceral afferent? - ANSWER 1, 7, 9, 10 Which cranial nerves are general somatic afferent? - ANSWER 5, 7, 9, 10 Which cranial nerves are general visceral efferent? - ANSWER 3, 7, 9, 10 Which cranial nerves are general visceral afferent? - ANSWER 9 and 10 Which cranial nerves are general somatic efferent? - ANSWER 3, 4, 6, 12, and 11 What is the function of general somatic afferent fibers? -sensations ANSWER -Typical touch/pain -fibers convey impulses from the skin and skeletal muscle spindles What is the function of special somatic afferent fibers? -vestibular/auditory senses ANSWER visual and
What is the function of general visceral afferent fibers? -impulses from the sensory receptors in the viscera and blood vessels walls ANSWER Fibers convey
What is the functions of special visceral afferent fibers? -gustatory (taste) sesnses ANSWER olfactory and
