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OPT 113 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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Basal nuclei What is the isolated centers of grey matter and neuronal soma deep within the white matter of the cerebrum?
- corpus striatum a. caudate b. lentiform nuclei (globus palladus & putamen) 2.. claustrum
- amygdala
- hippocampus What are the components of basal nuclei?
Caudate and lentiform nuclei What is the corpus striatum made up of?
Caudate nucleus What is the C-shaped grey matter nucleus in corpus striatum?
It head begins anteriorly to the lentiform nucleus then stretches superiorly and posteriorly, over the thalamus, as the caudate nucleus body. The nucleus then descends and runs anteriorly inferior to the lentiform nucleus as the tail of the caudate nucleus. What is the location (or course) of the caudate nucleus?
Lentiform nucleus What is the oval or "lens shaped" nucleus in the corpus striatum?
putamen and globus pallidus What are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus?
Lateral part- its is a dark gray collection of neuronal soma and axons. It is adjacent to the inferior portion of the caudate nucleus head. What is the putamen of the lentiform nucleus?
Medial part- it is grey matter, but lighter grey than the putamen. What is the globus palladus (palladium) of lentiform nucleus?
Due to the presence of some myelinated fibers Why is the globus palladus lighter grey than the putamen?
White matter The globus pallidus and putamen have a thin layer of _______ between them.
What does the amygdala emerge from?
False: More associated with limbic system True or False: The amygdala is functionally apart of the corpus striatum.
Visceral changes to emotions, pain, and fear response What is the function of amygdala?
Hippocampus What is an extension of the cerebral cortex of the medial temporal lobe?
Neuronal soma and grey matter axons What does the hippocampus contain?
Fornix The hippocampus extends from the anterior portion of the deep temporal lobe more posteriorly and when it ends, it sends axons to the ______.
Transforming short-term to long-term memory What is the function of the hippocampus?
True True or False: Just like the amygdala, the hippocampus is apart of the limbic system.
- Head of caudate nucleus
- Internal capsule
- Lentiform nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- External capsule
- Extreme capsule
- Claustrum
- Tail of caudate nucleus 10.Hippocampus Label 1-10 on the basal nuclei:
- Caudate nucleus
- Thalamus
- Amygdala
- Lentiform nucleus Label 1-4 of the basal nuclei:
Diencephalon What is area of brain that surrounds the 3rd ventricle?
Lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle What is the medial surface of diencephalon defined by?
thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus What are the major divisions of the diencephalon?
There is a thalamus on each side of the 3rd ventricle and is positioned superiorly/posteriorly in the diencephalon. Where is the thalamus in relation to the diencephalon?
Via interthalamic adhesion How do the two thalamus communicate?
Relay for all sensory systems (except for olfaction). Sensory information is organized here, then sent to the appropriate area of cerebral cortex. What is the function of the thalamus?
medial-posterior, lateral-posterior, and anterior-superior What are the 3 main portions that the Y-shaped internal medullary lamina divides the thalamus into?
anterior thalamic nuclei
What does the anterior superior division of the thalamus contain?
Receives the mammillothalamic tract then projects to the cingulate gyrus What does the anterior thalamic nuclei receive information from and then send information to?
Part of the Papez circuit, which is involved in short-term memory and emotional state What is the cingulate gyrus?
Its many nuclei are involved in integration of somatic, olfactory, and visceral information and their relation to emotion What is the medial-posterior division of the thalamus involved in?
Dorsal and ventral tiers What can the lateral-posterior division of thalamus be subdivided into?
ventral anterior, ventral lateral, and ventral posterior nuclei What are the nuclei in the ventral tier of lateral-posterior division of the thalamus?
Connect the corpus striatum and premotor cortex helping the basal nuclei of the cerebrum smooth out voluntary motor activities
Protuberance on the inferior-lateral aspect of pulvinar Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?
It is important part of the visual pathway, where retinal ganglion cell axons enter and synapse. The new neurons send their axons (known as optic radiation) through the parietal and temporal lobes to the primary visual cortex. What is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) involved in?
Protuberance on the inferior-medial aspect of the pulvinar Where is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)?
It receives auditory information from both ears (mainly the contralateral ear) and sends efferent axons to the auditory cortex via the auditory radiations What is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) function?
Internal medullary lamina What carries white matter fibers between the different thalamic nuclei?
Inferior to the thalamus and superior to the midbrain Where is the subthalamus?
Many nerves and nuclei -cranial ends of red nucleus -substantia nigra What is located in the subthalamus?
Motor function What is red nucleus involved in?
Basal nuclei function What is the substantia nigra involved in?
Near the posterior thalamus Where is the epithalamus located?
-habenular nucleus -pineal gland What are the two important areas of the epithalamus?
Medial to posterior thalamus Where is the habenular nucleus?
Why does darkness and light affect the amount of substances that are secreted by the pineal gland?
Wakefulness The pineal gland is associated with levels of _______ in relation to the time of day.
Anterior-inferior to the thalamus Where is the hypothalamus located?
Through nerves, bloodstream, and CSF How does the hypothalamus communicate with other parts of the body?
Somatic, visceral, visual, olfactory, auditory, cortical, hippocampal, amygdaloid, thalamic, and tegmental Afferent inputs into the hypothalamus through nervous pathways carrying what type of inputs?
-parasympathetic nuclei of brainstem -sympathetic cells of the thoracic spinal cord -thalamus (mammillothalamic tract) -midbrain reticular formation (mammillothalamic tract) -limbic system Efferent output exits the hypothalamus via nervous pathways. Where do the largest pathways go to?
Because there are both nervous connections and bloodstream connections What makes the efferent connections from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland special?
Sends to the posterior lobe of pituitary gland via the infundibulum How does the hypothalamus send efferent signals to the pituitary gland via nervous pathways?
Sends to the anterior lobe of pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system How does the hypothalamus send efferent signals to the pituitary gland via bloodstream connections?
Essential for life!!!! It controls homeostasis and influences emotional behavior. What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Via autonomic nervous system and endocrine system How does the hypothalamus control homeostasis?
True True or False: Almost all body functions are influence by the hypothalamus somehow.
The brainstem is divided into what?
-Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) -pons (metencephalon) What is the hindbrain?
Inferiorly to spinal cord and superiorly by the pons What is the medulla oblongata is bounded to what?
pyramids (contain corticospinal tract fibers) What is on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata?
Anterior median fissure What divides the pyramids from one another on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata?
decussation of pyramids At the inferior/caudal end of the medulla, the pyramidal fibers that make up the pyramids decussate in an structure called what?
Olives (two bumps) and they contain olivary nuclei What are located on the superior lateral surface of medulla and what do they contain?
Superior posterior surface Which part of the medulla makes part of the floor of the 4th ventricle?
Vagus and hypoglossal triangles What bumps are located on the superior posterior surface of the medulla?
Inferior cerebellar peduncles The _____ limit the superior portion of the medulla laterally.
Posterior median sulcus What runs down the middle of the posterior surface of the medulla?
Gracile tubercles What does the posterior median sulcus separate from one another?
Cuneate tubercles What is lateral to the gracile tubercles?
Touch sensation
What are the nerves involved in the nucleus ambiguus?
Muscles of the throat What does the nucleus ambiguus control?
CNs VII, IX, X What are the cranial nerves associated with solitary tract nucleus?
Visceral sensation and taste from several CNs that make the solitary tract What does the solitary tract nucleus receive?
Parasympathetic functions of the vagus nerve throughout the body What does the dorsal nucleus of the vagus control?
-vestibulonuclear complex -anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei Which nuclei are apart of the pontine-medullary junction?
The spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (CN V) Which nuclei stretches throughout the entire medulla?
Hearing information via the vestibulocochlear nerve What does the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve receive?
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Olive
- Hypoglossal nerve
- Glossopharyngeal & vagus nerves
- Accessory nerve
- Gracile tubercle
- Cuneate tubercle Label 1-7 of the brainstem
- Nucleus ambiguus
- Nucleus of trigeminal nucleus
- Nucleus of solitary tract
- Dorsal vagal nucleus
- Posterior cochlear nucleus
- Anterior cochlear nucleus Label the 6 nucleus of posterior medulla
Ventral to the cerebellum, inferior/caudal to the midbrain, and superior/rostal to the medulla oblongata Where is the pons located?
