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OPOTA EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED
AND DETAILED ANSWERS GRADED A+) LATEST
RATIONALE
Explain the relationship between a SPO and a test question - CORRECT ANSWER A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis of a test question Explain the ultimate reason for law enforcement training - CORRECT ANSWER To be able to protect the life and property of yourself and the public List a peace officer's main goals - CORRECT ANSWER - Enforce the laws
- Preserve the peace,
- Prevent crime
- Protect civil rights and liberties
- Provide services Explain items to consider when exercising discretion - CORRECT ANSWER - Use sound judgment to determine which laws are to be formally enforced
- Determine if there is a more constructive remedy without arrest or citation Explain the factors necessary for the commission of crime - CORRECT ANSWER Desire - the motivation behind criminal behavior Victim - potential target, unaware of surroundings Opportunity - crime prevention strategies State the core concepts of community policing - CORRECT ANSWER - partnership between community and police
- crime prevention
- organizational change of agency
- problem solving approach to police role is proactive Considerations for off duty situations - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior - social media, uphold ethics Situational Awareness- be alert, pre plan, off duty weapon policy, be a good witness State the purpose of Bill of Rights - CORRECT ANSWER protect a individual's freedoms
- prevent government from interfering in protected rights Describe the major components of the criminal justice system - CORRECT ANSWER Law Enforcement Courts - hold fair & impartial trials, guilt or innocence, Impose sentences Corrections - supervise offender Goals of Sentencing - CORRECT ANSWER - protect society
- punish offender/rehabilitate
- restore the victim Recognize the tenets of the Below 100 - CORRECT ANSWER - wear your seatbelt
- wear your vest
- WIN what's important now
- watch your speed
- complacency kills Lawful - CORRECT ANSWER defined by laws and standards Criminal Law - CORRECT ANSWER identifies what actions are prohibited Rules of Agency - CORRECT ANSWER Administrative rules, general orders
connection between in / out groups, and police legitimacy - CORRECT ANSWER some people interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group's societal position rather than immediate circumstances of the police contact Types of Racism - CORRECT ANSWER individual, interpersonal, institutional, structural Individual Racism - CORRECT ANSWER internalized, unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race Interpersonal Racism - CORRECT ANSWER occurs between individuals, public expressions of racial prejudice and hate institutional racism - CORRECT ANSWER discriminatory policies and treatment by institutions Structural Racism - CORRECT ANSWER Collective way of history, culture, power inequality, unequal access to opportunities Components of bias - CORRECT ANSWER stereotypes, prejudice, attitude Stereotypes - CORRECT ANSWER generalizations about the perceived typical characteristics of a social category Prejudice - CORRECT ANSWER a often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age Attitude - CORRECT ANSWER positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups Bias-based profiling - CORRECT ANSWER - Racial/illegal profiling
- unequal treatment by officers by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining on basis of their ethnicity Criminal profiling - CORRECT ANSWER Based on observed behaviors and characteristics Two types of Bias - CORRECT ANSWER explicit and implicit Explicit Bias - CORRECT ANSWER conscious preference for a social category Implicit bias - CORRECT ANSWER preference for a social category based on stereotypes that we hold and tend to develop in early life Two modes of thinking - CORRECT ANSWER automatic (system 1) deliberative (system 2) System 1 thinking - CORRECT ANSWER automatic, effortless, unconscious, very fast System 2 thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Conscious, controlled, effortful, slower practical purpose - CORRECT ANSWER simplifies tasks which most adults do without having to systematically think about each step protection mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER we evaluate everything we see to determine if threatening or not strategies to counter implicit biases - CORRECT ANSWER - Guarding against influence in decision making
- awareness
- know when you're susceptible ( in complete info, cognitive load, fatigue)
- slow down thinking
Denial of responsibility - CORRECT ANSWER acted improperly because no other options Denial of injury - CORRECT ANSWER argue that action did not hurt anyone so no ethical misconduct Social Weighting - CORRECT ANSWER makes comparisons to justify unethical misconduct moral justification - CORRECT ANSWER argues that it's necessary to break rules for the greater good Continuum of Compromise - CORRECT ANSWER - being exposed on a regular basis to "special authority" and at the same time being exposed on a daily basis to that element of society that operates without values, combines to severely challenge an officer's core values system
- can lead to a sense of entitlement where officers believe they are owed professional courtesy and that the rules don't apply to them acts of omission - CORRECT ANSWER officer rationalize and justify not doing things they are responsible Acts of commission - CORRECT ANSWER administrative violations acts of commission - CORRECT ANSWER - criminal
- theft Rationalization - CORRECT ANSWER nobody is being hurt, except for bad guys who deserve it anyway Steps in Decsion Making Model - CORRECT ANSWER #1- Define problem #2- Identify alternative solutions #3- Evaluate alternatives
#4- make the decision #5- implement the decision #6- evaluate the decision PLUS filters - CORRECT ANSWER Policies Legal Universal Self identify the uses of field notes - CORRECT ANSWER preservation of knowledge in written form, evidence in court, documentation of officer's efforts, aids in further investigation, foundation of formal written report types of information to be recorded in field notes - CORRECT ANSWER • complete information on victims witnesses and suspects involved
- date time of offense or incident being reported
- location of occurrence
- type of place where offense or incident took place
- details of offense or incident being reported
- disposition of evidence property and subjects
- corresponding report number guidelines to be followed when taking field notes - CORRECT ANSWER - Head notebook page with day and time of shift
- Do not place information from one incident on the same page with information from another incident
- Write or print neatly so you can read and understand your notes later
- Record all information in ink
- Let victims and witnesses talk through the event before you start recording notes
- Ask clarifying follow-up questions
Statutory law - CORRECT ANSWER The body of law derived from statutes rather than from constitutions or judicial decisions. Case Law - CORRECT ANSWER The law found in the collection of reported cases that form all or part of the body of law within a given jurisdiction Force - CORRECT ANSWER Any violence, compulsion, or constraint physically exerted by any means on or against a person or thing Deadly Force - CORRECT ANSWER force which carries a substantial risk that it will result in thendeath of a person Physical Harm to Persons - CORRECT ANSWER Any injury, illness or other physiological impairment, regardless of its gravity or duration Serious Physical Harm to Persons - CORRECT ANSWER - Any mental illness or condition of such gravity as would normally require hospitalization or prolonged psychiatric treatment
- Any physical harm that carries a substantial risk of death
- Any physical harm that involves some permanent incapacity, whether partial or total, or that involves some temporary, substantial incapacity
- Any physical harm that involves some permanent disfigurement or that involves some temporary, serious disfigurement
- Any physical harm that involves acute (i.e., severe) pain of such duration as to result in substantial suffering or that involves any degree of prolonged or intractable pain Physical Harm to Property - CORRECT ANSWER - Any tangible or intangible damage to property that results in loss of value or interferes with enjoyment. Serious Physical Harm to Property - CORRECT ANSWER - Substantial loss to the value of the property or requires substantial time, effort, or money to repair of replace.
- Temporarily prevents the use or enjoyment of the property or interferes with the use or enjoyment for extended periods of time.
2923.01 Conspiracy - CORRECT ANSWER (A) No person, with purpose to commit or to promote or facilitate the commission of aggravated murder, murder, kidnapping, abduction, compelling prostitution, promoting prostitution, trafficking in persons, aggravated arson, arson, aggravated robbery, robbery, aggravated burglary, burglary, trespassing in a habitation when a person is present or likely to be present, engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, corrupting another with drugs, a felony drug trafficking, manufacturing, processing, or possession offense, theft of drugs, or illegal processing of drugs
- With another person or persons, plan or aid in planning the commission of any of the offenses 2923.02 Attempt to commit an offense. - CORRECT ANSWER (A) No person, purposely or knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the offense. 2923.03 Complicity. - CORRECT ANSWER No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the commission of an offense, shall do any of the following:
- Solicit or procure another to commit the offense
- Aid or abet another in committing the offense
- Cause an innocent or irresponsible person to commit the offense. Describe the purpose of the fourth amendment to the United states constitution - CORRECT ANSWER is to guarantee rights relating to arrests, searches, and seizures of persons describe the relationship between the degrees of suspicion and the responses allowed by the constitution - CORRECT ANSWER Highest Proof beyond reasonable doubt
- suspect may be convicted of crime punished Probable cause to believe suspect is guilty
- suspect may be arrested reasonable suspicion that suspect is involved in criminal activity
- suspect may be seized and detained for investigation hunch
- not seize it if determining its identity requires further manipulation (pockets, squeezing)
- once determined not a weapon, search must stop unless there's a warrant identify the evidentiary standard on which to base an arrest - CORRECT ANSWER a arrest must be based on probable cause describe when the elements of probable cause to arrest are satisfied - CORRECT ANSWER the officer is aware of articulable facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed and the person about to be arrested committed the unlawful act identify sources of information that can be used to establish probable cause to make a warrantless arrest - CORRECT ANSWER personal observations, informant's tip, reports from officer or agencies, physical evidence, past criminal record, statements made by suspect, leads furnished by victim or witness in the absence of consent or exigent circumstances before entering, a officer must do before entering a private residence to make a arrest - CORRECT ANSWER - secure appropriate warrant
- reasonably believe that the person to be arrested is present at the correct address
- knock and announce their presence to justify a warrantless, nonconsensual entry into a private residence in order to make a arrest.. - CORRECT ANSWER exigent circumstances must exist which demand a immediate response Hot/Fresh Pursuit - CORRECT ANSWER The pursuit, without unreasonable interruption, of a person who is trying to avoid arrest the basis to legally seize evidence - CORRECT ANSWER - based on probable cause
- probable cause to seize exists if a prudent person would conclude that the object in question is associated with criminal activity
types of searches - CORRECT ANSWER full, limited weapons, inventory Full Search - CORRECT ANSWER conducted to gather criminal evidence
- probable cause
- require a search warrant Limited Weapons Search (frisk/protective) - CORRECT ANSWER - search conducted to disarm a suspect to protect officers
- authority based on reasonable suspicion that person lawfully detained is armed and dangerous inventory search - CORRECT ANSWER - not under 4th amendment
- catalog property that police have taken into custody
- adhere to department policy, secure property, protect agency from lost, stolen or damaged claims Describe the nature of the facts required to support probable cause to conduct a search - CORRECT ANSWER facts sufficient to justify a person of reasonable caution to believe that a crime has been or is being committed and that specific objects associated with the crime exist and they will be found in the place to be searched describe the criteria needed to establish the plain view exception to the search warrant requirement - CORRECT ANSWER - officers must be legally on the premises from where the observation is made
- incirminating nature of the item must be immediately apparent
- officer must have a lawful right of access to object Curtilage - CORRECT ANSWER the area immediately surrounding the home (garage, yard)
- same 4th amendment protection as home Open Field - CORRECT ANSWER Any other land from home
- no 4th amendment protection
- officers can search all containers (locked/unlocked) explain the factors considered in determining if an inventory of a motor vehicle is reasonable - CORRECT ANSWER car was lawfully impounded, inventory conducted after impounded, owner not present to make other arrangements, valuables in plain view and was pursuant to police procedure, not a pretext to conceal a investigatory search describe the relevant factors used in determining if force was reasonable - CORRECT ANSWER - severity of crime
- whether suspect is a immediate threat to the safety of officers or others
- actively resisting
- suspect was attempting to evade arrest by flight Active Resistance - CORRECT ANSWER when a person exhibits resistive movement to avoid physical control or presents a credible threat to a officer (not showing hands) passive resistance - CORRECT ANSWER when a person exhibits no resistive movement in response to verbal commands and other direction, poses no safety threat (failing to exit vehicle) describe when handcuffing may be considered unreasonable force - CORRECT ANSWER - unduly tight or forceful handcuffing in course of seizure
- severe obvious medical injury and handcuff in manner that is likely to cause serious harm
- plaintiff complained and officer ignored complaints
- some physical injury resulting the handcuffing describe when use of a chemical weapon may be considered unreasonable force - CORRECT ANSWER - using chemical weapons on arrestee who already been subdued and poses no threat describe the difference between reasonable and unreasonable force when using electrical weapons - CORRECT ANSWER - unreasonable on a passively resisting suspect
- reasonable when suspect was using force or actively resisting explain civil liability considerations associated with using force against those with diminished capacity/mental illness - CORRECT ANSWER - federal courts have ruled that the diminished capacity of unarmed suspect must be taken into court into account when assessing the reasonableness of the amount of force exerted
- use different tactics
- actual mental state is irrelevant to any determination of reasonableness in use of deadly force list circumstances when a officer may use deadly force to achieve a seizure - CORRECT ANSWER - to protect themselves or others from immediate threats of serious physical injury
- to prevent escape of a fleeing dangerous person explain the variables an officer should use to assess the presence of an imminent threat - CORRECT ANSWER - likelihood of weapon
- capability of weapon
- proximity of the parties at risk
- exposure of officers or others
- subject's actions Explain officer liability when responding to emergency calls - CORRECT ANSWER - An officer who is responding to an emergency call is governed by the sovereign immunity standard emergency call - CORRECT ANSWER - a call to duty, including, but not limited to, communications from citizens, police dispatchers, and personal observations by peace officers of inherently dangerous situations that demand an immediate response on the part of a peace officer explain the necessary steps in preparing for court - CORRECT ANSWER - ensure all evidence required for the case is accounted for, safely secured, and can be obtained prior to court
- Call and meet with the prosecutor to determine if additional assistance or information is needed
- ask attorney which question should be answered first Tactic: friendly counsel
- used to place officer in false level of comfort - CORRECT ANSWER Counter tactic- stay alert
- be aware the purpose of friendly demeanor Tactic: misquoting the officer's testimony - CORRECT ANSWER Counter tactic- listen carefully to questions asked
- correct the error Tactic: the "CSI effect" - CORRECT ANSWER Counter tactic- remain calm
- look towards jury and explain good police work can be achieved with simple techniques, TV can be unrealistic Traditional Media - CORRECT ANSWER newspapers, television news shows, and magazines
- accuracy, objective focused, professional journalism Non-traditional Media - CORRECT ANSWER websites, social Media, potential to go viral
- sensationalism, advocacy focused, no professional standard Similarities between traditional and nontraditional media - CORRECT ANSWER - 1st amendment protection
- entitled to same physical access to scene
- both want access to information - entitled to same access to information identify the reasons for establishing effective communications with the media - CORRECT ANSWER - both have job to do and can benefit from each other
- accurate new stories
- influences public perception
- distribution of information
list guidelines an officer should follow when interacting with the media - CORRECT ANSWER
- be familiar with agency policies
- consistent information
- never speak off record
- secure scene
- key messages
- eye contact, mannerisms, normal tone
- do not say no comment
- direct, concise and brief Identify all elements of the offense of Domestic Violence per R.C. 2919.25 - CORRECT ANSWER - Knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household member
- Recklessly cause serious physical harm to a family or household member
- By threat of force, knowingly cause a family or household member to believe that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family or household member Identify the categories of persons who fall within the meaning of family or household member - CORRECT ANSWER - spouse, living as spouse, former
- parent, foster parent, child of offender or spouse, by blood or marriage, natural parent consanguinity - CORRECT ANSWER blood relationship affinity - CORRECT ANSWER marriage recognize the four elements that should be used to determine the primary physical aggressor in a domestic violence incident - CORRECT ANSWER - any history of DV or violent acts
- whether violence was caused by person acting in self defense
- each person's fear of physical harm
