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OPOTA Exam 202 4 | Actual Exam Questions
and Answers | 400 Questions | Latest Version
Explain the relationship between a SPO and a test question ----CORRECT ANSWER---- -----A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis of a test question Explain the ultimate reason for law enforcement training ----CORRECT ANSWER--------- To be able to protect the life and property of yourself and the public List a peace officer's main goals ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Enforce the laws, preserve the peace, provide services, prevent crime, protect civil right and liberties Explain items to consider when exercising discretion ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- use sound judgment to determine which laws are to be formally enforced
- determine if there is a more constructive remedy without arrest or citation Explain the factors necessary for the commission of crime ----CORRECT ANSWER------ ---Desire- the motivation behind criminal behavior Victim- potential target, unaware of surroundings Opportunity- crime prevention strategies State the core concepts of community policing ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- partnership between community and police
- crime prevention
- organizational change of agency
- problem solving approach to police role is proactive Considerations for off duty situations ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Behavior - social media, uphold ethics Situational Awareness- be alert, pre plan, off duty weapon policy, be a good witness State the purpose of Bill of Rights ----CORRECT ANSWER---------protect a individual's freedoms
- prevent government from interfering in protected rights Describe the major components of the criminal justice system ----CORRECT ANSWER- --------Law Enforcement Courts - hold fair & impartial trials, guilt or innocence, Impose sentences Corrections - supervise offender Goals of Sentencing ----CORRECT ANSWER----------protect society
- punish offender/rehabilitate
- restore the victim Recognize the tenets of the Below 100 ----CORRECT ANSWER----------wear your seatbelt
- wear your vest
- WIN what's important now
- watch your speed
- complacency kills Lawful ----CORRECT ANSWER---------defined by laws and standards Criminal Law ----CORRECT ANSWER---------identifies what actions are prohibited Rules of Agency ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Administrative rules, general orders Constitutional Law ----CORRECT ANSWER---------amendments Police Legitimacy ----CORRECT ANSWER---------exists when the public view the police as authorized to exercise power in order to maintain social order, manage conflicts, and solve problems in community Judgement 1/ public trust and confidence in police as being honest, trying to do jobs well, and protecting community ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Result individuals are more likely to become actively involved in police community partnerships Judgment #
Structural Racism ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Collective way of history, culture, power inequality, unequal access to opportunities Components of bias ----CORRECT ANSWER---------stereotypes, prejudice, attitude Stereotypes ----CORRECT ANSWER---------generalizations about the perceived typical characteristics of a social category Prejudice ----CORRECT ANSWER---------a often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age Attitude ----CORRECT ANSWER---------positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups Bias-based profiling ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Racial/illegal profiling
- unequal treatment by officers by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining on basis of their ethnicity Criminal profiling ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Based on observed behaviors and characteristics Two types of Bias ----CORRECT ANSWER---------explicit and implicit Explicit Bias ----CORRECT ANSWER---------conscious preference for a social category Implicit bias ----CORRECT ANSWER---------preference for a social category based on stereotypes that we hold and tend to develop in early life Two modes of thinking ----CORRECT ANSWER---------automatic (system 1) deliberative (system 2) System 1 thinking ----CORRECT ANSWER---------automatic, effortless, unconscious, very fast
System 2 thinking ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Conscious, controlled, effortful, slower practical purpose ----CORRECT ANSWER---------simplifies tasks which most adults do without having to systematically think about each step protection mechanism ----CORRECT ANSWER---------we evaluate everything we see to determine if threatening or not strategies to counter implicit biases ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Guarding against influence in decision making
- awareness
- know when you're susceptible ( in complete info, cognitive load, fatigue)
- slow down thinking
- empathetic
- effort (intention, attention, time) Two-pronged Approach to Procedural Justice ----CORRECT ANSWER---------person based approach community based model person based approach ----CORRECT ANSWER---------emphasizes the importance of face to face interactions between officer and a citizen Community based model ----CORRECT ANSWER---------ultimate goal is to achieve police legitimacy through entire society community bank account concept as it relates to procedural justice ----CORRECT ANSWER---------every encounter is either a deposit or withdrawal (increase or decrease public perception of police) four core principles of procedural justice ----CORRECT ANSWER---------giving others a voice, neutrality in decision making, respectful treatment, trustworthiness explain the generally accepted ethical responsibilities of officers ----CORRECT ANSWER----------owed to your community, citizens, profession, agency, family, yourself
- treat everyone professionally
acts of commission ----CORRECT ANSWER----------criminal
- theft Rationalization ----CORRECT ANSWER---------nobody is being hurt, except for bad guys who deserve it anyway Steps in Decsion Making Model ----CORRECT ANSWER---------#1- Define problem #2- Identify alternative solutions #3- Evaluate alternatives #4- make the decision #5- implement the decision #6- evaluate the decision PLUS filters ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Policies Legal Universal Self identify the uses of field notes ----CORRECT ANSWER---------preservation of knowledge in written form, evidence in court, documentation of officer's efforts, aids in further investigation, foundation of formal written report types of information to be recorded in field notes ----CORRECT ANSWER---------• complete information on victims witnesses and suspects involved
- date time of offense or incident being reported
- location of occurrence
- type of place where offense or incident took place
- details of offense or incident being reported
- disposition of evidence property and subjects
- corresponding report number guidelines to be followed when taking field notes ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Head notebook page with day and time of shift
- Do not place information from one incident on the same page with information from another incident
- Write or print neatly so you can read and understand your notes later
- Record all information in ink
- Let victims and witnesses talk through the event before you start recording notes
- Ask clarifying follow-up questions
- Be as complete as possible
- Consider the use of electronic data device or template
- Do not record personal information in your notebook essential questions answered in a report ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Who, what, where, when, how, why Requirements of a well written report ----CORRECT ANSWER---------complete, factual, objective, accurate explain crime ----CORRECT ANSWER---------An act that the law makes punishable Culpable mental states ----CORRECT ANSWER---------knowingly, purposely, recklessly, negligently Purposely ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Specific intention to cause a certain result; or when the offense is a prohibition against certain conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish, it is the offender's specific intention to engage in the conduct Knowingly ----CORRECT ANSWER---------aware that conduct is practically certain to cause a result, regardless of purpose recklessly ----CORRECT ANSWER---------With heedless indifference to the consequences, disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain nature Negligently ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Because of substantial lapse from due care, fails to perceive or avoid a risk that his/her conduct may cause a certain result or may be of a certain nature Jurisdiction ----CORRECT ANSWER---------a government's general power to exercise authority over all persons and things within its territory Statutory law ----CORRECT ANSWER---------The body of law derived from statutes rather than from constitutions or judicial decisions.
trafficking, manufacturing, processing, or possession offense, theft of drugs, or illegal processing of drugs
- With another person or persons, plan or aid in planning the commission of any of the offenses 2923.02 Attempt to commit an offense. ----CORRECT ANSWER---------(A) No person, purposely or knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the offense. 2923.03 Complicity. ----CORRECT ANSWER---------No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the commission of an offense, shall do any of the following:
- Solicit or procure another to commit the offense
- Aid or abet another in committing the offense
- Cause an innocent or irresponsible person to commit the offense. Describe the purpose of the fourth amendment to the United states constitution ---- CORRECT ANSWER---------is to guarantee rights relating to arrests, searches, and seizures of persons describe the relationship between the degrees of suspicion and the responses allowed by the constitution ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Highest Proof beyond reasonable doubt
- suspect may be convicted of crime punished Probable cause to believe suspect is guilty
- suspect may be arrested reasonable suspicion that suspect is involved in criminal activity
- suspect may be seized and detained for investigation hunch interactions must be consensual lowest determine when a person is considered to be seized ----CORRECT ANSWER----------a reasonable person would believe that the person was not free to leave
- examples even if they did not attempt to leave: threatening presence of officers, display of weapon, physical touching, restricting movement explain when a officer can use the rationale from Terry to detain a person ----CORRECT ANSWER---------a officer may detain a individual based upon the officer's reasonable,
articulable suspicion that criminal activity was being planned or in process of being executed describe under Terry, what is required of an officer to make a investigatory stop ---- CORRECT ANSWER----------have reasonable articulable suspicion to initiate a stop and that criminal activity was afoot
- consider totality of circumstances
- weight to their experience describe the considerations an officer should be mindful of when conducting a Terry stop ----CORRECT ANSWER----------use least intrusive means of detention
- conduct stop quickly as possible to not prolong the period of involuntary detention
- if additional facts are uncovered that supply officer with probable cause to arrest, individual may be arrested
- must be released if no grounds for arrest requirements which must be established before a Terry pat down/frisk ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Officers are required to articulate a reasonable belief that the suspect is armed AND the suspect poses a threat to them Plain Feel Doctrine ----CORRECT ANSWER----------weapons
- during frisk, if officer grab something and immediately recognize it, they can seize it
- not seize it if determining its identity requires further manipulation (pockets, squeezing)
- once determined not a weapon, search must stop unless there's a warrant identify the evidentiary standard on which to base an arrest ----CORRECT ANSWER---- -----a arrest must be based on probable cause describe when the elements of probable cause to arrest are satisfied ----CORRECT ANSWER---------the officer is aware of articulable facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed and the person about to be arrested committed the unlawful act identify sources of information that can be used to establish probable cause to make a warrantless arrest ----CORRECT ANSWER---------personal observations, informant's tip, reports from officer or agencies, physical evidence, past criminal record, statements made by suspect, leads furnished by victim or witness
describe the criteria needed to establish the plain view exception to the search warrant requirement ----CORRECT ANSWER----------officers must be legally on the premises from where the observation is made
- incirminating nature of the item must be immediately apparent
- officer must have a lawful right of access to object Curtilage ----CORRECT ANSWER---------the area immediately surrounding the home (garage, yard)
- same 4th amendment protection as home Open Field ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Any other land from home
- no 4th amendment protection identify the keys in determining whether a consent search is valid ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Consent is voluntarily given
- The person giving consent has authority to do so and no other person with authority, that is present, has refused
- The search is limited to only those places and things that the person expressly or impliedly authorized to be searched
- The search is not unduly intrusive
- While officers may be thorough in their search, they are not permitted to be destructive
- In addition, the length of the search must be consistent with the type and complexity of the search for which permission was granted Three Broad Categories of exigent circumstances ----CORRECT ANSWER----------lives or property are in imminent danger or a serious crime in progress
- evidence will be destroyed or moved if officers postpone taking action
- officers are in hot pursuit of a felon who flees and takes refuge inside identify the area an officer may be search incident to a lawful arrest ----CORRECT ANSWER---------is the area within the person's immediate control at the arrest location identify the factors that will determine the reasonableness of the length of time involved in a motor vehicle detention ----CORRECT ANSWER----------purpose of stop
- time reasonably needed to effectuate those purposes
- officers pursued means of investigation that was likely to confirm their suspicions quickly
identify when an officer may conduct a protective search of a motor vehicle for weapons ----CORRECT ANSWER----------officer has lawfully stopped the vehicle
- reasonable suspicion based on specific and articulable facts to believe driver is dangerous and can gain control of a weapon identify when an officer may search a motor vehicle with containers in it ----CORRECT ANSWER----------for any contraband or evidence of a crime once probable cause has been established
- officers can search all containers (locked/unlocked) explain the factors considered in determining if an inventory of a motor vehicle is reasonable ----CORRECT ANSWER---------car was lawfully impounded, inventory conducted after impounded, owner not present to make other arrangements, valuables in plain view and was pursuant to police procedure, not a pretext to conceal a investigatory search describe the relevant factors used in determining if force was reasonable ----CORRECT ANSWER----------severity of crime
- whether suspect is a immediate threat to the safety of officers or others
- actively resisting
- suspect was attempting to evade arrest by flight Active Resistance ----CORRECT ANSWER---------when a person exhibits resistive movement to avoid physical control or presents a credible threat to a officer (not showing hands) passive resistance ----CORRECT ANSWER---------when a person exhibits no resistive movement in response to verbal commands and other direction, poses no safety threat (failing to exit vehicle) describe when handcuffing may be considered unreasonable force ----CORRECT ANSWER----------unduly tight or forceful handcuffing in course of seizure
- severe obvious medical injury and handcuff in manner that is likely to cause serious harm
- plaintiff complained and officer ignored complaints
- some physical injury resulting the handcuffing
explain the necessary steps in preparing for court ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- ensure all evidence required for the case is accounted for, safely secured, and can be obtained prior to court
- Call and meet with the prosecutor to determine if additional assistance or information is needed
- Review notes and/or reports pertinent to the case List the general rules for effective courtroom testimony ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- Be early
- Be professional
- Wear your uniform or business attire
- Speak loudly, clearly, and with confidence
- Give concise, clear, and complete answers
- Avoid talking with potential or actual jurors Tactic- asking if the officer has spoken with other parties involved with the case
- used to make officers think they have done something wrong ----CORRECT ANSWER- --------counter tactic- answer truthfully Tactic: rapid fire questioning ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Counter Tactic- slow the pace by pausing before answering
- remain calm
- prohibit the attorney from building momentum
- ask question to be repeated Tactic: repeated questioning
- used in attempt to obtain conflicting responses ----CORRECT ANSWER---------counter tactic- tell the truth
- know facts of case Tactic: verbal badgering and staring ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Counter Tactic- remain calm
- look at person who is asking question Tactic: asking two questions at the same time
- used to confuse officer ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Counter tactic- remain calm
- ask attorney which question should be answered first Tactic: friendly counsel
- used to place officer in false level of comfort ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Counter tactic- stay alert
- be aware the purpose of friendly demeanor Tactic: misquoting the officer's testimony ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Counter tactic- listen carefully to questions asked
- correct the error Tactic: the "CSI effect" ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Counter tactic- remain calm
- look towards jury and explain good police work can be achieved with simple techniques, TV can be unrealistic Traditional Media ----CORRECT ANSWER---------newspapers, television news shows, and magazines
- accuracy, objective focused, professional journalism Non-traditional Media ----CORRECT ANSWER---------websites, social Media, potential to go viral
- sensationalism, advocacy focused, no professional standard Similarities between traditional and nontraditional media ----CORRECT ANSWER---------
- 1st amendment protection
- entitled to same physical access to scene
- both want access to information - entitled to same access to information identify the reasons for establishing effective communications with the media ---- CORRECT ANSWER----------both have job to do and can benefit from each other
- accurate new stories
- influences public perception
- distribution of information list guidelines an officer should follow when interacting with the media ----CORRECT ANSWER----------be familiar with agency policies
- consistent information
- never speak off record
- secure scene
- key messages
- eye contact, mannerisms, normal tone
- do not say no comment
Civil Protection Order (CPO) ----CORRECT ANSWER----------order obtained through the domestic relations or common pleas court even though criminal charges are not going to be filed
- effective up to 5 years (child support and custody) two levels to CPO ----CORRECT ANSWER---------ex parte and final Stalking Protection Orders - Stalking or Sexually Oriented Offense Protection Order (SSOOPO) ----CORRECT ANSWER----------protects victim of stalking and sexually oriented offenses from a non family or household member
- common pleas court describe three characteristics of a crisis state ----CORRECT ANSWER---------• The person's behavior is at an intense emotional and irrational level and brought on in response to a critical incident
- The critical incident occurred within 24 to 48 hours of the change in behavior
- The person perceives the situation as overwhelming and a threat to his/her psychological and/or physical well-being identify the causes of damage or stress to a person's brain that result in a person's mental capacity being compromised ----CORRECT ANSWER----------brain chemistry
- developmental disabilities
- deterioration of brain
- damage through blunt force or severe stress
- substance abuse describe the factors that coupled with mental illness produce the greatest increase in the potential for violence ----CORRECT ANSWER----------male
- 40 years old or younger with untreated psychosis paranoid, delusions, narcissism describe the difference between traditional encounters and special populations encounters ----CORRECT ANSWER----------is the need to be non confrontational
- de escalation Describe active listening ----CORRECT ANSWER----------attempting to hear and understand what a person is saying
- mirroring, paraphrasing, emotional labeling, summarizing
- demonstrates attentiveness
Use LEAPS and its five basic communication tools that assist in generating compliance. ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Listen- actively listen and look interested Emphathize- try to understand Ask- general, open ended questions Paraphrase- repeat the person's message Summarize- condense what has been said and indicate outcome Distinguish the EAR Model's three phases of a crisis encounter ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Engage Assess Resolve Engage ----CORRECT ANSWER----------make a connection with the person so you can calm them
- remove distractions
- introduce yourself
- state why you're there
- model calmness
- speak softly Assess ----CORRECT ANSWER---------Gather information about the patient's condition and the situation
- be patient
- check to see if a crime committed
- tactfully mindful resolve ----CORRECT ANSWER---------bring the encounter to a safe resolution and obtain needs
- limit instructions identify the tactics and behaviors to avoid while engaging in de escalation ---- CORRECT ANSWER----------moving suddenly, rapid orders
- forcing a discussion
- eye contact
- touching without letting them know
- crowding
- expressing anger or impatience
- lying or misleading info sarcasm or inflammatory language
