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OPHTHALMOLOGY COA EXAM TERMS
abduction - correct answer the movement of the eye outward toward the temple. aberrometry - correct answer The measurement of optical aberrations of the visual system using a device called a wavefront ananlyzer or an aberrometer abrasion - correct answer a scratch abscess - correct answer a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue. absolute scotoma - correct answer a severe visual field defect in which the largest and brightest stimulus cannot be seen; blindness at that specific location accommodation - correct answer The change in the curvature of the crystalline lens that helps to focus images of objects close to the eye acidic burns - correct answer a chemical injury to tissue, caused by an agent of low pH acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome AIDS - correct answer An infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes a compromised immune system acute - correct answer Refers to a condition that flares up suddenly and persists for only a short time. add - correct answer The portion of the multifocal lens (usually the lower part) that provides correction for near vision. also called segment or near add adduction - correct answer The movement of the eye inward toward the nose
adenovirus - correct answer A family of viruses involved primarily in respiratory infections; can cause hightly contagious forms of conjunctivitis adnexa - correct answer The tissues and structures surrounding the eye; includes the orbit, extraocular muscles, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus afferent pupillary defect APD - correct answer A pupil with normal iris function that fails to constrict normally with direct light stimulation, but reacts strongly consensually, or when the fellow eye is stimulated. Usually secondary to optic nerve disease. "against motion" - correct answer The retinoscopic reflex movement that is in the opposite direction from the movement of the streak of light from the retinoscope; typical of the myopic eye age-related macular degeneration ARMD - correct answer A disease in which sensory cells of the macula degenerate, resulting in a loss of central vision; usually affects older people alkali burn - correct answer A chemical injury to tissue, cased by an agent of high pH allergic reaction - correct answer A condition in which the body produces antibodies to foreign materials such as food, plant pollens, or medications alternate cover test - correct answer A test performed by placing an occluder over one eye and then moving it slowly over to the other eye to detect a tendency for the eyes to deviate while under the occluder (such an ocular misalignment is know as a phoria) Also called cross-cover test altitudinal scotoma - correct answer The joining and enlargement of a nasal step visual field defect and an arcuate scotoma to cause loss of the entire upper or lower visual field
anterior chamber angle - correct answer The junction of the cornea and the iris, from which aqueous humor leaves the eye. Also called filtration angle. anterior chamber - correct answer The small compartment between the cornea and the iris that is filled with a clear, transparent fluid called aqueous humor anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) - correct answer Insufficient blood flow to the optic nerve head resulting in a lack of oxygen and subsequent infarction of (loss of) the nerve fibers and loss of vision anterior segment - correct answer The front of the eye; includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the vitreous anti-angiogenesis - correct answer A process or agent that prevents new blood vessel growth antibiotic - correct answer a drug that combats a bacterial infection antibody - correct answer A chemical substance that the body manufactures to neutralize an infecting micoorganism, toxin, or foreign agent. antifungal - correct answer A drug that combats a fungal infection antimetabolite - correct answer A substance that interferes with a metabolite necessary for normal metabolic functions; often used to disrupt proliferation of cancersous or other abnormal cells, antimetabolites may also be used to prevent normal re-growth in circumstances where it is not desirable antireflective AR - correct answer A treatment that reduces or eleminates reflections from the surface of a lens
antivascular endothelium growth factor (anti-VEGF) - correct answer A therapeutic drug used in intravitreal injections that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It acts by deminishing the stimulus for abnormal new vessel growth (angiogenesis), a known cause of wet age-related macular degeneration antiviral - correct answer A drug that combats a viral infection apex - correct answer The top, as of a prism aphakia - correct answer The absence of the crystalline lens, usually abecause of cataract extraction aphakic correction - correct answer The use of a contact lens, eyeglasses, or an intraocular lens to improve visual acuity in aphakic patients. applanation - correct answer A form of tonometry in which the force required to flatten a small area of the central aqueous humor - correct answer The clear, transparent fluid that fills the anterior chamber arc perimeter - correct answer An instrument used to test peripheral vision using bands of half circles placed at various meridians arcuate scotoma or Bjerrum scotoma - correct answer An arc-shaped area of reduced sensitivity, or blindness, in the visual field. Also known as Bjerrum scotoma or comet sotoma arcus or arcus senilis - correct answer A common degenerative change in which the outer edge of the cornea gradually becomes opaque, generally in both eyes; usually affects people over the age of 50.
axis - correct answer The meridian perpendicular to the meridian with curvature in a cylindrical lens. 90 axis to 180 meridian with curvature. axon - correct answer The long fiber-like portion of a ganglion cell that courses over the surface of the retina and converges at the optic disc bacteria - correct answer single-celled microorganisms, widely dispersed in nature; some bacteria are capable of causing disease in humans. balancing or binocular balancing - correct answer A procedure performed on both eyes at once to ensure that the optical correction determined by refractometry for distance vision does not include an uneven overcorrection or undercorrection. Also called binocular balancing. basal cell carcinoma - correct answer The most common malignant lid tumor; has a characteristic appearance of a pit surrounded by raised "pearly" edges. base - correct answer The bottom of a prism base curve - correct answer The curve of the lens surface, usually the outer or front side of the lens, from which the other curves necessary for sight correction are calculated. benign - correct answer Refers to any tumor that is not dangerous to the well- being of the individual. Also known as nonmalignant. bifocal lens - correct answer One that has two powers: usually one for correcting distance vision and one for correcting near vision. binary fission - correct answer The form of cellular reproduction by a bacterium, by splitting in two.
binocular vision - correct answer The blending of the separate images seen by each eye into one image; occurs when both eyes are diected toward a single target and perfectly aligned. biometry - correct answer ultrasonography and A-Scan ultrasonography. biomicroscope - correct answer slit lamp bipolar cell - correct answer A type of retinal cell that accepts electric (nerve) impulses from the photo-receptors and passes them to the ganglion cells. bitemporal hemianopia - correct answer a visual field defect affecting the temporal half of the field of both eyes. blended bifocal - correct answer invisible bifocal blepharitis - correct answer A common inflammation of the eyelid margin blowout fracture - correct answer An injury caused by blunt force applied to the eye, creating pressure that fractures the orbital bones. blunt lacrimal cannula - correct answer An unsharpened needle used to pass into the tear system puncta and canaliculus. blunt trauma - correct answer Tissue damage caused by a nonpenetrating force. Bowman's Membrane - correct answer The second corneal layer that lies under the outermost epithelium and above the stroma; also known as the anterior limiting membrane
cardiovascular system - correct answer The body system consisting of the heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins) cataract - correct answer A opacified or clouded lens. cautery - correct answer The application of heat by electric current by means of a specialized instrument; used to destroy a lesion or to stem bleeding. cells - correct answer The primary building blocks of biologic tissue. central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) - correct answer obstruction of blood flow in the main feeder vessel of the retina (central retinal artery) central scotoma - correct answer a visual field defect in the center of the field chalazion - correct answer a chronic inflammation resulting from an obstructed meibomian gland in the eyelid; associated with infection. The acute condition is called an internal hordeolum Chemical trauma - correct answer Refers to injury caused by a chemical, such as an acid or an alkali. Chief complaint - correct answer That part of the health history in which the patient describes the primary reason for seeking health care; it should be recorded in the patient's own words as nearly as possible (e.g., Patient states he has a red eye not patient has conjunctivitis Chlamydiae - correct answer A type of bacteria Choroid - correct answer A layer of tissue largely made up of blood vessels that nourishes the retina; it lies between the sclera and the retina in the uveal tract
Choroidal neovascularization CNV - correct answer an abnormal collection of fragile new blood vessels growing in the choroid under the retina, responsible for hemorrhages and fluid leakage, which can lead to loss of central vision when present in or near the macula. Chronic - correct answer Refers to a condition that has persisted for some time Cilia /cilium - correct answer The eyelashes Ciliary body - correct answer A band-like structure of muscle and secretory tissue that extends from the edge of the iris and encircles the inside of the sclera. Ciliary muscle - correct answer The muscle fibers in the ciliary body of the uveal tract that are involved in accommodation Ciliary process - correct answer A finger-like extension of the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor Ciliary spasm - correct answer A painful contraction of the ciliary muscle commonly caused by inflammation of the cornea or iris. Circles of eccentricity - correct answer A series of concentric circles at intervals of 10° from the point of central visual fixation, providing coordinates for mapping the visual field Clamp - correct answer A surgical instrument used to compress or crush tissue, or temporarily hold surgical duties or drapes CLPU - correct answer contact lens peripheral ulcers CNV - correct answer choroidal neovascularization
Conductive Keratoplasty - correct answer CK- a solid-state infrared laser refractive surgical procedure employed to create heat shrinkage of the peripheral corneal stroma thereby steepening the central cornea and reducing hyperopia Cone - correct answer The retinal photoreceptor largely responsible for sharp central vision and for color perception Confrontation field test - correct answer A test comparing the gross boundaries of the patient's field of vision with that of the examiner, who is presumed to have a normal field Congenital glaucoma - correct answer A rare disease that occurs in infants; due to a malformation of the anterior chamber angle Congenital - correct answer Refers to any disease process or effect that is present from birth Conjunctiva - correct answer A thin, translucent mucous membrane extending from the outer corneal border over the globe and the inner surface of the eyelids Conjunctivitis - correct answer An inflammation of the conjunctiva that causes swelling of the small conjunctival vessels, making the eye appear red; it may be caused by bacterial or viral infection, allergy, or exposure to environmental agents such as chlorinated swimming pool water; also called pink eye Connective tissue disease - correct answer Disorders characterized by immunologic and inflammatory changes in the connective tissues, also called collagen vascular disease Consensual pupillary reaction - correct answer Reflexive reaction occurring when a light is directed into one pupil and the pupil of the opposite eye simultaneously and equally reacts; also direct pupillary reaction
Contact lens-induced acute red eye (CLARE) - correct answer dilation of blood vessels in the conjunctiva caused by contact lens irritation Contact lens peripheral ulcers (CLPU) - correct answer Contact lens induced noninfectious corneal ulcers outside the visual axis Contraindication - correct answer Any condition that renders a particular treatment, medication, or medical device inadvisable for a particular patient Contrast-sensitivity test - correct answer A procedure for determining the ability to distinguish between light and dark areas; useful in the diagnosis of cataract Converge - correct answer To come together Convex lens - correct answer A piece of glass or plastic in which one or both surfaces are curved outward. Positive or plus lens Cornea - correct answer The clear membrane at the front of the globe that begins the process of focusing light the eye receives Corneal abrasion - correct answer A scratch or other defect in the superficial cornea (epithelium) caused by trauma Corneal bullous edema - correct answer Swelling of the corneal tissue severe enough to create blisters on the surface of the cornea and decreased vision. Also, bullous keratopathy Corneal edema - correct answer Swelling of the corneal tissue Corneal endothelium - correct answer The fifth, innermost corneal layer that lies under descemet's membrane; it is composed of a single layer of cells that maintains proper fluid balance within the cornea
Cross cylinder - correct answer A special lens consisting of two cylinders of equal power, one minis and one plus, with their axes set at right angles to each other; used for determining the axis and power of an astigmatic correction Cryopexy - correct answer Freezing by surgical means CT Scan - correct answer Computed tomography Cul-de-sac - correct answer Fornix Curette - correct answer A scoop-shaped surgical tool used to scrape or remove unwanted tissue Cushing disease - correct answer The disease complex caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal hormone cortisol. Predominantly found in women. Also known as hypercortisolism or Cushing syndrome Cycloplegia - correct answer Temporary paralysis of the ciliary muscle (preventing accommodation) and of the iris sphincter muscle (preventing constriction of the pupil) Cylindrical lens - correct answer A lens that has curvature in only one meridian D segment - correct answer A portion of a bifocal or trifocal lens; so called because it is shaped like the capital letter D lying on its side Dacryocystitis - correct answer Inflammation of the lacrimal sac; usually caused by blockage or obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct DBC - correct answer distance between optical centers
DCRP - correct answer digital corneal reflex pupillometer Decibel - correct answer The unit (one tenth of a log) of measure of the brightness of a test object Decongestant - correct answer A substance that reduces congestion or swelling; decongestant eyedrops constrict the superficial conjunctival blood vessels to reduce ocular redness deep scotoma - correct answer a visual field defect more serious than a shallow scotoma; appears as a "pit" or "well" in the island of vision. dendritic - correct answer Branch-shaped, such as the corneal ulcers seen afger infection with the herpes simplex virus depression - correct answer The type of visual field defect that is like an indentation in the surface of the island of vision. Decemet's membrane - correct answer The fourth corneal layer that lies above the innermost endothelium and below the stroma; it contributes to corneal rigidity. diabetes mellitus - correct answer a disorder of metablolism resulting from insufficient or absent insulin production from the pancreas; may also be due to insulin resistance diabetic retinopathy - correct answer Pathologic changes in the retina; usually occurs in patients with long-standing, poorly controlled diabetes diffuse - correct answer to spread widely through a tissue - see infection DCRP - Digital corneal reflex pupillometer - correct answer An instrument that monoculary measures interpupillary distance (PD)
distometer - correct answer an instrument for measuring vertex distance; also: vertometer diverge - correct answer to spread apart Dk - correct answer a measurement of the amount of oxygen transmission through a contact lens; high Dk vaules indicate high oxygen permeability double-D segment - correct answer a multifocal lens with the distance correction in the middle, a traditional near-power D segment at the bottom, and an intermediate power inverted D segment at the top drusen - correct answer light-yellow deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelum, visible on examination of the ocular fundus ecchymosis - correct answer a visible collection of blood that has leaked from a vessel into the surrounding tissue, usually due to trauma; also called a bruise ectasia - correct answer In the eye, refers to a thin, stretched sclera or cornea. A corneal ectasia is thinning with protrusion. ectropion - correct answer A condition in which the eyelid margin is everted (turned) outward from the globe; may be degenerationof or damage to the eyelid tissues. edema - correct answer swelling caused by the abnormal presence of fluid in tissues electromagnetic radiation - correct answer radiation produced through the combination of electrical and magnetic forces; includes rays from the shortes to longest wavelengths, both visible and invisible.
emmetropia - correct answer The refractive state of an eye that is able to focus correctly without the need for optical lenses. emphysema - correct answer air trapped in an organ or tissue empiric treatment - correct answer the institution of medical treatment based on probable cause, before test results or other time-consuming procedures confirm a diagnosis endocrine system - correct answer the body system consisting of multiple glands that produce chemicals called hormones, which regulate various bodily functions. endophthalmitis - correct answer a serious inflammation of the intraocular tissues including the vitreous; may be due to bacterial or fungal infection, allergy, or chemical toxicity. entropion - correct answer a condition in which the upper or lower lid margin is turned inward. enzyme cleaner - correct answer a specially designed detergent for removing protein deposits from contact lenses. enzymes - correct answer substances produced by cells to accelerate or promote a biochemical reaction epiphora - correct answer excessive tearing Episcleral blood vessels - correct answer Fine blood vessels on the surface of the sclera and under the conjunctiva. Episcleritis - correct answer Inflammation of the surface layer of the sclera
