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Operations Management Fundamentals, Exams of International Management

Various aspects of operations management, including tasks performed at hard rock café, reasons to study operations management, ethical and social challenges facing operations managers, achieving competitive advantage through operations, operations strategy development, quality management, product design considerations, and various operations management concepts and techniques. A comprehensive overview of the key topics in operations management, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals interested in understanding the fundamental principles and practices of this field.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 10/10/2024

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Operations Management Test Bank Page 1
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
TESTBANK
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Operations Management
TRUE /FALSE
1. Some of the operations-related activities of Hard Rock Café include designing meals and analyzing them for
ingredient cost and labor requirements.
True (Global company profile, easy)
2. The production process at Hard Rock Café is limited to meal preparation and serving customers.
False (Global company profile, easy)
3. All organizations, including service firms such as banks and hospitals, have a production function.
True (What is operations management? moderate)
4. Operations management is the set of activities that create value in the form of goods and services by transforming
inputs into outputs.
True (What is operations management? easy)
5. An example of a "hidden" production function is money transfers at banks.
True (What is operations management? moderate)
6. One reason to study operations management is to learn how people organize themselves for productive enterprise.
True (Why study OM, easy)
7. The operations manager performs the management activities of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and
controlling of the OM function.
True (What operations managers do, easy)
8. "How much inventory of this item should we have?" is within the critical decision area of managing quality.
False (What operations managers do, easy)
9. In order to have a career in operations management, one must have a degree in statistics or quantitative methods.
False (What operations managers do, easy)
10. Henry Ford is known as the Father of Scientific Management.
False (The heritage of operations management, easy)
11. Shewhart’s contributions to operations management came during the Scientific Management Era.
False (The heritage of operations management, easy)
12. Students wanting to pursue a career in operations management will find multidisciplinary knowledge beneficial.
True (Where are the OM jobs? easy)
13. Customer interaction is often high for manufacturing processes, but low for services.
False (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
14. Productivity is more difficult to improve in the service sector.
True (The productivity challenge, moderate)
15. Manufacturing now constitutes the largest economic sector in postind ustrial societies.
False (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
16. In the past half-century, the number of people employed in manufacturing has more or less held steady, but each
manufacturing employee is manufacturing about 20 times as much.
True (Operations in the service sector, easy)
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OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

TESTBANK

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Operations Management TRUE /FALSE

  1. Some of the operations-related activities of Hard Rock Café include designing meals and analyzing them for ingredient cost and labor requirements. True (Global company profile, easy)
  2. The production process at Hard Rock Café is limited to meal preparation and serving customers. False (Global company profile, easy)
  3. All organizations, including service firms such as banks and hospitals, have a production function. True (What is operations management? moderate)
  4. Operations management is the set of activities that create value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs. True (What is operations management? easy)
  5. An example of a "hidden" production function is money transfers at banks. True (What is operations management? moderate)
  6. One reason to study operations management is to learn how people organize themselves for productive enterprise. True (Why study OM, easy)
  7. The operations manager performs the management activities of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling of the OM function. True (What operations managers do, easy)
  8. "How much inventory of this item should we have?" is within the critical decision area of managing quality. False (What operations managers do, easy)
  9. In order to have a career in operations management, one must have a degree in statistics or quantitative methods. False (What operations managers do, easy)
  10. Henry Ford is known as the Father of Scientific Management. False (The heritage of operations management, easy)
  11. Shewhart’s contributions to operations management came during the Scientific Management Era. False (The heritage of operations management, easy)
  12. Students wanting to pursue a career in operations management will find multidisciplinary knowledge beneficial. True (Where are the OM jobs? easy)
  13. Customer interaction is often high for manufacturing processes, but low for services. False (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
  14. Productivity is more difficult to improve in the service sector. True (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  15. Manufacturing now constitutes the largest economic sector in postindustrial societies. False (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
  16. In the past half-century, the number of people employed in manufacturing has more or less held steady, but each manufacturing employee is manufacturing about 20 times as much. True (Operations in the service sector, easy)
  1. A knowledge society is one that has migrated from work based on knowledge to one based on manual work. False (The productivity challenge, easy)
  2. Productivity is the total value of all inputs to the transformation process divided by the total value of the outputs produced. False (The productivity challenge, easy)
  3. Measuring the impact of a capital acquisition on productivity is an example of multi-factor productivity. False (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  4. Ethical and social dilemmas arise because stakeholders of a business have conflicting perspectives. True (Ethics and social responsibility, easy) {AACSB: Ethical Reasoning}

MULTIPLE CHOICE

  1. At Hard Rock Café, tasks that reflect operations or operations management include a. designing meals b. testing meals (recipes) c. analyzing meals for the cost of ingredients d. preparing employee schedules e. all of the above e (Global company profile, easy)
  2. An operations task performed at Hard Rock Café is a. borrowing funds to build a new restaurant b. advertising changes in the restaurant menu c. calculating restaurant profit and loss d. preparing employee schedules e. all of the above d (Global company profile, moderate)
  3. Operations management is applicable a. mostly to the service sector b. to services exclusively c. mostly to the manufacturing sector d. to all firms, whether manufacturing and service e. to the manufacturing sector exclusively d (What is operations management? moderate)
  4. Which of the following are the primary functions of all organizations? a. operations, marketing, and human resources b. marketing, human resources, and finance/accounting c. sales, quality control, and operations d. marketing, operations, and finance/accounting e. research and development, finance/accounting, and purchasing d (Organizing to produce goods and services, moderate)
  5. Budgeting, paying the bills, and collection of funds are activities associated with the
  1. Illiteracy and poor diets have been known to cost countries up to what percent of their productivity? a. 2% b. 5% c. 10% d. 20% e. 50% d (Productivity variables, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  2. Which of the following is not an element of the management process? a. controlling b. leading c. planning d. pricing e. staffing d (What do operations managers do? easy)
  3. An operations manager is not likely to be involved in a. the design of goods and services to satisfy customers' wants and needs b. the quality of goods and services to satisfy customers' wants and needs c. the identification of customers' wants and needs d. work scheduling to meet the due dates promised to customers e. maintenance schedules c (What do operations managers do? easy)
  4. All of the following decisions fall within the scope of operations management except for a. financial analysis b. design of goods and processes c. location of facilities d. managing quality e. All of the above fall within the scope of operations management. a (What do operations managers do? easy)
  5. The Ten Critical Decisions of Operations Management include a. Layout strategy b. Maintenance c. Process and capacity design d. Managing quality e. all of the above e (Why study OM? easy)
  6. Which of the following is not one of The Ten Critical Decisions of Operations Management? a. Layout strategy b. Maintenance c. Process and capacity design d. Mass customization e. Supply chain management

d (Why study OM? moderate)

  1. The Ten Critical Decisions of Operations Management include a. Finance/accounting b. Advertising c. Process and capacity design d. Pricing e. all of the above c (Why study OM? moderate)
  2. Walter Shewhart is listed among the important people of operations management because of his contributions to a. assembly line production b. measuring the productivity in the service sector c. just-in-time inventory methods d. statistical quality control e. all of the above d (The heritage of operations management, moderate)
  3. Walter Shewhart, in the _____, provided the foundations for ______ in operations management. a. 1920s; statistical sampling b. United Kingdom; mass production c. U.S. Army; logistics d. nineteenth century; interchangeable parts e. none of the above a ( The heritage of operations management, moderate)
  4. Eli Whitney, in the _____, provided the foundations for ______ in operations management. a. 1920s; statistical sampling b. United Kingdom; mass production c. U.S. Army; logistics d. nineteenth century; interchangeable parts e. none of the above d (The heritage of operations management, moderate)
  5. The person most responsible for popularizing interchangeable parts in manufacturing was a. Frederick Winslow Taylor b. Henry Ford c. Eli Whitney d. Whitney Houston e. Lillian Gilbreth c (The heritage of operations management, moderate)
  6. The "Father of Scientific Management" is a. Henry Ford b. Frederick W. Taylor c. W. Edwards Deming d. Frank Gilbreth

d. 79% e. 90% d (Operations in the service sector, moderate)

  1. Typical differences between goods and services do not include a. cost per unit b. ability to inventory items c. timing of production and consumption d. customer interaction e. knowledge content a (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
  2. Which is not true regarding differences between goods and services? a. Services are generally produced and consumed simultaneously; tangible goods are not. b. Services tend to be more knowledge-based than products. c. Services tend to have a more inconsistent product definition than goods. d. Goods tend to have higher customer interaction than services. e. None of the above is true. d (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
  3. Which of the following is not a typical attribute of goods? a. output can be inventoried b. often easy to automate c. aspects of quality difficult to measure d. output can be resold e. production and consumption are separate c (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
  4. Which of the following services is least likely to be unique, i.e., customized to a particular individual's needs? a. dental care b. hairdressing c. legal services d. elementary education e. computer consulting d (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
  5. Which of the following is not a typical service attribute? a. intangible product b. easy to store c. customer interaction is high d. simultaneous production and consumption e. difficult to resell b (Operations in the service sector, moderate)
  6. Which of the following statements concerning growth of services is true? a. Services now constitute the largest economic sector in postindustrial societies. b. The number of people employed in manufacturing has more or less held steady since 1950.

c. Each manufacturing employee now produces about 20 times more than in 1950 d. All of the above are true. e. None of the above is true. d (Operations in the service sector, moderate)

  1. Current trends in operations management include all of the following except a. just-in-time performance b. rapid product development c. mass customization d. empowered employees e. All of the above are current trends. e (Exciting new trends in operations management, moderate)
  2. Which of the following is not a current trend in operations management? a. just-in-time performance b. global focus c. supply chain partnering d. mass customization e. All of the above are current trends. e (Exciting new trends in operations management, moderate)
  3. One new trend in operations management is a. global focus b. mass customization c. empowered employees d. rapid product development e. All of the above are new trends in operations management. e (Exciting new trends in operations management, moderate)
  4. Which of the following statements about trends in operations management is false? a. Job specialization is giving way to empowered employees. b. Local or national focus is giving way to global focus. c. Environmentally-sensitive production is giving way to low-cost focus. d. Rapid product development is partly the result of shorter product cycles. e. All of the above statements are true. c (Exciting new trends in operations management, moderate)
  5. A foundry produces circular utility access hatches (manhole covers). If 120 covers are produced in a 10-hour shift, the productivity of the line is a. 1.2 covers/hr b. 2 covers/hr c. 12 covers/hr d. 1200 covers/hr e. none of the above c (The productivity challenge, easy) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}

a. 32.5 boxes/hr b. 40.6 boxes/hr c. 62.5 boxes/hr d. 81.25 boxes/hr e. 300 boxes/hr b (The productivity challenge, moderate) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}

  1. The Dulac Box plant produces 500 cypress packing boxes in two 10-hour shifts. Due to higher demand, they have decided to operate three 8-hour shifts instead. They are now able to produce 600 boxes per day. What has happened to production? a. It has increased by 50 sets/shift. b. It has increased by 37.5 sets/hr. c. It has increased by 20%. d. It has decreased by 8.3%. e. It has decreased by 9.1%. c (The productivity challenge, moderate) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}
  2. Productivity measurement is complicated by a. the competition's output b. the fact that precise units of measure are often unavailable c. stable quality d. the workforce size e. the type of equipment used b (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  3. The total of all outputs produced by the transformation process divided by the total of the inputs is a. utilization b. greater in manufacturing than in services c. defined only for manufacturing firms d. multifactor productivity e. none of the above d (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  4. Which of the following inputs has the greatest potential to increase productivity? a. labor b. globalization c. management d. capital e. none of the above c (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  5. Productivity can be improved by a. increasing inputs while holding outputs steady b. decreasing outputs while holding inputs steady c. increasing inputs and outputs in the same proportion d. decreasing inputs while holding outputs steady

e. none of the above d (The productivity challenge, moderate)

  1. The largest contributor to productivity increases is ________, estimated to be responsible for _____ of the annual increase. a. management; over one-half b. Mr. Deming; one-half c. labor; two-thirds d. capital; 90% e. technology; over one-half a (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  2. The factor responsible for the largest portion of productivity increase in the U.S. is a. labor b. management c. capital d. all three combined; it is impossible to determine the contribution of individual factors e. none of these; most productivity increases come from investment spending b (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  3. Which of the following is not true when explaining why productivity tends to be lower in the service sector than in the manufacturing sector? a. Services are typically labor-intensive. b. Services are often difficult to evaluate for quality. c. Services are often an intellectual task performed by professionals. d. Services are difficult to automate. e. Service operations are typically capital intensive. e (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  4. Three commonly used productivity variables are a. quality, external elements, and precise units of measure b. labor, capital, and management c. technology, raw materials, and labor d. education, diet, and social overhead e. quality, efficiency, and low cost b (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  5. The service sector has lower productivity improvements than the manufacturing sector because a. the service sector uses less skilled labor than manufacturing b. the quality of output is lower in services than manufacturing c. services usually are labor-intensive d. service sector productivity is hard to measure e. none of the above c (The productivity challenge, moderate)
  6. Productivity tends to be more difficult to improve in the service sector because the work is a. often difficult to automate

CHAPTER 2: Operational Strategies TRUE /FALSE

  1. NAFTA seeks to phase out all trade and tariff barriers among Canada, Mexico, and the United States. True (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  2. The World Trade Organization has helped to significantly reduce tariffs around the world. True (Global company profile, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  3. Production processes are being dispersed to take advantage of national differences in labor costs. True (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  4. NAFTA seeks to phase out all trade and tariff barriers between the United States and Asia. False (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  5. One reason for global operations is to gain improvements in the supply chain. True (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  6. One reason to globalize is to learn to improve operations. True (A global view of operations, easy) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  7. To attract and retain global talent, and to expand a product's life cycle, are both reasons to globalize. True (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  8. A product will always be in the same stage of its product life cycle regardless of the country. False (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  9. The World Trade Organization helps provide governments and industries around the world with protection from firms that engage in unethical conduct. True (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Ethical Reasoning}
  10. Boeing’s development of the 787 Dreamliner is an example of a company obtaining a competitive advantage via product differentiation/innovation. True (Global company profile, easy)
  11. An organization's strategy is its purpose or rationale for an organization's existence. False (Developing missions and strategies, easy)
  12. Operations strategies are implemented in the same way in all types of organizations. False (Developing missions and strategies, moderate)
  13. Between 1980 and 2005, the amount of money (bank deposits, government and corporate debt securities, and equity securities) invested in global capital markets more than tripled. True (Introduction, difficult) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  14. Experience differentiation is an extension of product differentiation, accomplished by using people's five senses to create an experience rather than simply providing a service. True (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, moderate)
  15. An organization's ability to generate unique advantages over competitors is central to a successful strategy implementation. True (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, moderate)
  16. Low-cost leadership is the ability to distinguish the offerings of the organization in any way that the customer perceives as adding value. False (Ten strategic decision of OM, moderate)
  17. Most services are tangible; this factor determines how the ten decisions of operations management are handled differently for goods than for services. False (Ten strategic decisions of OM, moderate)
  1. The relative importance of each of the ten operations decisions depends on the ratio of goods and services in an organization. True (Ten strategic decisions of OM, moderate)
  2. Decisions that involve what is to be made and what is to be purchased fall under the heading of supply chain management. True (Ten strategic decision of OM, moderate)
  3. Manufacturing organizations have ten strategic OM decisions, while service organizations have only eight. False (Ten strategic decisions of OM, easy)
  4. Errors made within the location decision area may overwhelm efficiencies in other areas. True (Ten strategic decisions of OM, moderate)
  5. The PIMS study indicated that high ROI firms tend to have high product quality. True (Issues in operations strategy, easy)
  6. Southwest Airlines’ core competence is operations. True (Strategy development and implementation, moderate)
  7. Critical success factors and core competencies are synonyms. False (Strategy development and implementation, moderate)
  8. SWOT analysis identifies those activities that make a difference between having and not having a competitive advantage. False (Strategy development and implementation, moderate)
  9. For the greatest chance of success, an organization's operations management strategy must support the company's strategy. True (Strategy development and implementation, moderate)
  10. Critical Success Factors are those activities that are key to achieving competitive advantage. True (Strategy development and implementation, moderate)
  11. A multinational corporation has extensive international business involvements. True (Global operations strategy options, easy) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  12. The multi-domestic OM strategy maximizes local responsiveness while achieving a significant cost advantage. False (Global operations strategy options, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  13. Firms using the global strategy can be thought of as "world companies." False (Global operations strategy options, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}

MULTIPLE CHOICE

  1. Which of the following statements regarding the Dreamliner 787 is true? a. Boeing has found partners in over a dozen countries. b. The new aircraft incorporates a wide range of aerospace technologies. c. The new aircraft uses engines from not one, but two manufacturers. d. Boeing will add only 20 to 30 percent of the aircraft's value. e. All of the above are true. e (Global company profile, moderate)
  2. Boeing's new 787 Dreamliner a. is assembled in Washington, D.C. b. uses engines from Japan c. has its fuselage sections built in Australia

c. home-based or cottage industry d. areas that do not meet U.S. standards for workplace safety and pollution e. none of the above a (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}

  1. Which of the following represent reasons for globalizing operations? a. to gain improvements in the supply chain b. to improve operations c. to expand a product's life cycle d. to attract and retain global talent e. All of the above are valid. e (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  2. Which of the following does not represent reasons for globalizing operations? a. reduce costs b. improve supply chain c. reduce responsiveness d. attract and retain global talent e. All of the above are valid reasons for globalizing operations. c (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  3. NAFTA seeks to a. substitute cheap labor in Mexico for expensive labor in the United States b. curb illegal immigration from Mexico to the United States c. phase out all trade and tariff barriers between the United States and Mexico d. phase out all trade and tariff barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico e. All of the above are NAFTA goals. d (A global view of operations, moderate) {AACSB: Multiculture and Diversity}
  4. With reference to cultural and ethical issues, the World Trade Organization has a. succeeded in providing equal protection of intellectual property among nations b. made progress in providing equal protection of intellectual property among nations c. phased out all trade and tariff barriers between the United States and Mexico d. eliminated slave labor and child labor e. played little role in addressing cultural and ethical issues among nations b (A global view of operations, difficult) {AACSB: Ethical Reasoning}
  5. Which of the following is true about business strategies? a. An organization should stick with its strategy for the life of the business. b. All firms within an industry will adopt the same strategy. c. Well defined missions make strategy development much easier. d. Strategies are formulated independently of SWOT analysis. e. Organizational strategies depend on operations strategies. c (Developing missions and strategies, moderate)
  6. Which of the following activities takes place once the mission has been developed? a. The firm develops alternative or back-up missions in case the original mission fails.

b. The functional areas develop their functional area strategies. c. The functional areas develop their supporting missions. d. The ten OM decision areas are prioritized. e. Operational tactics are developed. c (Developing missions and strategies, moderate)

  1. Which of the following statements about organizational missions is false? a. They reflect a company's purpose. b. They indicate what a company intends to contribute to society. c. They are formulated after strategies are known. d. They define a company's reason for existence. e. They provide guidance for functional area missions. c (Developing missions and strategies, moderate)
  2. The impact of strategies on the general direction and basic character of a company is a. short range b. medium range c. long range d. temporal e. minimal c (Developing missions and strategies, moderate)
  3. The fundamental purpose of an organization's mission statement is to a. create a good human relations climate in the organization b. define the organization's purpose in society c. define the operational structure of the organization d. generate good public relations for the organization e. define the functional areas required by the organization b (Developing missions and strategies, moderate)
  4. Which of the following is true? a. Corporate mission is shaped by functional strategies. b. Corporate strategy is shaped by functional strategies. c. Functional strategies are shaped by corporate strategy. d. External conditions are shaped by corporate mission. e. Functional area missions are merged to become the organizational mission. c (Developing missions and strategies, difficult)
  5. According to the authors, which of the following strategic concepts allow firms to achieve their missions? a. productivity, efficiency, and quality leadership b. differentiation, cost leadership, and quick response c. differentiation, quality leadership, and quick response d. distinctive competency, cost leadership, and experience e. differentiation, distinctive competency, quality leadership, and capacity b (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, moderate)
  6. A firm can effectively use its operations function to yield competitive advantage via all of the following except

a. A firm manufactures its product with less raw material waste than its competitors do. b. A firm's products are introduced into the market faster than its competitors’ products are. c. A firm's distribution network routinely delivers its product on time. d. A firm offers more reliable products than its competitors do. e. A firm advertises more than its competitors do. d (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, moderate)

  1. The ability of an organization to produce services that, by utilizing the consumer's five senses, have some uniqueness in their characteristics is a. mass production b. time-based competition c. differentiation d. flexible response e. experience differentiation e (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, moderate)
  2. Which of the following best describes "experience differentiation"? a. immerses consumers in the delivery of a service b. uses people's five senses to enhance the service c. complements physical elements with visual and sound elements d. consumers may become active participants in the product or service e. All are elements of experience differentiation. e (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, easy)
  3. Experience Differentiation a. isolates the consumer from the delivery of a service b. is an extension of product differentiation in the service sector c. uses only the consumer's senses of vision and sound d. keeps consumers from becoming active participants in the service e. is the same as product differentiation, but applied in the service sector b (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, easy)
  4. Which of the following is the best example of competing on low-cost leadership? a. A firm produces its product with less raw material waste than its competitors. b. A firm offers more reliable products than its competitors. c. A firm's products are introduced into the market faster than its competitors’ products. d. A firm's research and development department generates many ideas for new products. e. A firm advertises more than its competitors. a (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, difficult)
  5. Franz Colruyt has achieved low-cost leadership through a. Spartan headquarters b. absence of voice mail c. low-cost facilities d. no background music e. all of the above

e (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, easy)

  1. Franz Colruyt has achieved low-cost leadership through a. effective use of voice mail b. plastic, not paper, shopping bags c. background music that subtly encourages shoppers to buy more d. converting factories, garages, and theaters into retail outlets e. use of the Euro, not the currency of each European country d (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, easy)
  2. Which of the following is an example of competing on quick response? a. A firm produces its product with less raw material waste than its competitors. b. A firm offers more reliable products than its competitors. c. A firm's products are introduced into the market faster than its competitors’ products. d. A firm's research and development department generates many ideas for new products. e. A firm advertises more than its competitors. c (Achieving competitive advantage through operations, difficult)
  3. Costs, quality, and human resource decisions interact strongly with the _______ decision. a. layout design b. process and capacity design c. supply chain management d. goods and service design e. All of the above are correct. d (Ten strategic decisions of OM, moderate)
  4. Which of the following influences layout design? a. inventory requirements b. capacity needs c. personnel levels d. technology decisions e. All of the above influence layout decisions. e (Ten strategic decisions of OM, moderate)
  5. Response-based competitive advantage can be a. flexible response b. reliable response c. quick response d. all of the above e. none of the above d (Ten strategic decisions of OM, moderate)
  6. Which of the following is not an operations strategic decision? a. maintenance b. price c. layout design d. quality