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CPDT-KA Exam (New 2024/2025) Questions and
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Operant Conditioning - Skinner (Ans- learned by association - works with voluntary behaviors - applying reinforcement or punishment after the behavior Creator of this method considered a "reinforcer" something that made a behavior occur more frequently. If there was no change in the behavior, it wasn't a reinforcement. Formula: Discriminative Stimulus (your command)-Response-Consequence Classical Conditioning - Pavlov (Ans- Learned association between 2 events: 1 event is neutral and 1 event elicits an unconditioned response. Works with INVOLUNTARY/automatic behaviors (like drooling) and placing a neutral sign (like ringing a bell) BEFORE it. Learning (Ans- a change in behavior that lasts for a long time Performance (Ans- the doing of a behavior, doesn't mean that something was learned Discriminative Stimulus (Ans- Your command Temporary Criteria (Ans- the beginning steps of an exercise towards performing a command that is new to the dog Reward Based Training (Ans- uses positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative punishment (removing something the dog likes - i.e. your attention)
Primary Reinforcer (Ans- food, water, anything dog needs for survival. Food activates parasympathetic nervous system, can calm dog, make him less fearful, & result in training process being enjoyable Secondary Reinforcer aka Conditioned Reinforcer (Ans- Clicker, saying "yes",... marks a behavior as rewardable and promises reward in near future. Rewards such as tennis balls, petting, clapping, tug- dog is conditioned to like them. all of these are learned through classical conditioning. Tertiary Reinforcer (Ans- cues the dog knows and enjoys doing. the doing is the reinforcer One of the most important points about reinforcement (Ans- Do not feed or reinforce unwanted behaviors during training Shaping (Ans- rewards dog for successive approximations of the behavior Luring (Ans- lead the dog into the behavior by tempting with a treat Prompting (Ans- Much like luring only the animal can't see the treat Chaining (Ans- method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. each behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Doing this from the last step to the first step is usually the most efficient way - with the last behavior trained first, followed by a reward. Then teach the behavior that will preceed that one, etc.
Habituation (Ans- A decrease in the strength of a naturally elicited behavior that occurs through repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. The reason for varying rewards (Ans- Because dogs can habituate to rewards resulting in slower, less vigorous responses Sensitization (Ans- reaction to a stimulus becomes even stronger when the stimulus is being shown repeatedly CER Conditioned Emotional Response (Ans- i.e. dog rides in car, hears backfire, now associates ride in car with loud scary noises and doesn't want to ride in cars. Very resistant to extinction Adaptation (Ans- Involves the physical process of training. Sometimes confused with habituation but has nothing to do with learning. It's the tiring of sensory neurons to perceive the stimulus. Learned Irrelevance (Ans- Pre-exposure effect. learns to ignore things that have or had no meaning to him or stops responding to a specific stimulus (cue, trigger) because it doesn't have a particular significance that is relevant to the dog. In more simple words, it's the dynamic that causes your dog to pose deaf ears to your continuous command to "sit", "no bite", or "come". Another example: Dog is crated dog in a group dog class and hears owners cuing their dogs to "come". But this dog is crated and the owner not present or is leading the class. He's basically learned to ignore a "come" command. Owner will probably need to use a new word, like "here" instead.
Learned Helplessness (Ans- Dog gives up, shuts down because he's learned he has no control over the current adverse situation Single Event Learning (Ans- learning that occurs when something happens suddenly, that is not related to anything else. A stimulus causes a response. (usually due to noises, movements) Compulsive Training (Ans- uses some degree of negative reinforcement and positive punishment, prong collars, leash jerks, choke chains, praise as reward 4 Stages of Learning (Ans- Acquisition, Fluency, Generalization, Maintenance Law of Parsimony (Ans- Occam's Razor. unless there is evidence to the contrary, one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. The simplest, obvious answer is usually the best. aka Law of Simplicity, Law of Economy. Reinforcer (Ans- recipient considers it good Reward (Ans- giver considers it good and hopes recipient will too Conditioning (Ans- learning Emitted behavior (Ans- dog Voluntarily offers the behavior on his own Elicited behaviors (Ans- prompted by luring or molding (assisted by person to perform)
- Live with or Manage the Behavior
- Positive Punishment - E collars are last resort Wolf (Ans- Canis Lupis Dog (Ans- Canis Familiaris Tame (Ans- accustomed to human presence/ decreasing flight distance and increasing tolerance to humans over one individual lifespan Domestication (Ans- undergone extensive behavioral & biological changes resulting from selective breeding over course of many generations Phylogeny (Ans- evolutionary history of an organism Phylogenetic Behaviors in dog (Ans- Behaviors common to dog as a species in general that have developed over generations (i.e. innate fear of fire and loud noises). This type of behavior can be modified. 2 Example of innate (automatic) Phylogenetic behaviors (Ans-
- Fear of fire
- Nursing in puppies Ontogenetic Behavior (Ans- develops over lifetime of individual dog. i.e. quickly learns to run to human for piece of food when name is called
3 motivations for canine behavior (Ans-
- Food acquisition
- Hazard avoidance/safety/comfort
- Reproductive behavior Temperament (Ans- Nature (phylogenetic) & Nurture (environment) plus the experiences that occur during the critical periods Innate behavior (Ans- automatic behavior - i.e. nursing. Dog doesn't have to learn it. What percentage of chromosomes do dogs inherit from each parent (Ans- Dogs inherit half their chromosomes from father and half from the mother Instinctive Drift (Breland Effect) (Ans- Instincts, drives, and fixed action patterns might come back in spite of training Instinct/Drive (Ans- motivation toward self-preservation, reproduction, food acquisition, or defense Critical Period where dog has greatest capacity to learn particular skills and responses (Ans- 3 - 16 weeks of age Engrams (Ans- specific neural pathways in the brain that store messages regarding movement/familiar motor actions so they become fluid RAS - Reticular Activating System (Ans-
(Ans- The dog's mouth in an Offensive threat Dog's lips retract horizontally - you can usually see all the teeth, even the back ones. (Ans- Dog's mouth when showing teeth defensively Baseline Posture (Ans- Normal body posture for a dog. Tail down, head up, mouth relaxed, body not stiff. Ambivalence (Ans- In conflict, unsure, may be confused. Dog's body language may show offensive and defensive positions. Displacement Behaviors (Ans- Shows that the dog is unsure of himself and trying to hold it together. List of several displacement behaviors (Ans- yawning, lip licking, scratching - out of context behaviors. Language of Dogs (Ans- sight, sound, smell Critical Zone (Ans- Dog's personal space dependent on environment and stress levels Calming Signals (Ans- yawning, turning away, blinking, averting eyes, etc. produce pacifying effect on animal exhibiting them and possibly the animal they're signaling to. Greeting behavior (Ans- mutual curving nose to tail, somewhat relaxed body and wagging tail. If dog is unsure, body will be stiff and high, wagging slowly
Agonistic (Ans- combative Options dogs use to resolve social or competitive disputes (Ans- Avoidance, Appeasement, Submission The main trigger of threats and aggression (Ans- Fear a reaction to a situation, not a personality trait (Ans- Dominance Best neutralizer when you see a dog with conflicted emotions or threatening aggression (Ans- Space. A secondary one is keeping the dog focused on a rewarding task. Social Facilitation (Ans- Pack mentality. i.e. One dog becomes aggressive and others around him follow suit toward a particular dog. One dog gets a drink of water and many others do. etc. Predatory Drift (Ans- dogs getting along fine and suddenly something causes heightened arousal, triggers limbic response, making one dog regard the other as prey Predatory Behavior (Ans- Directed toward objects moving away - intent is to obtain food - has nothing to do with malice Level 1 Bite (Ans- Air snap - no contact Level 2 Bite
Punishment (Ans- seems to increase the variability of the behavior. ABC's of Learning (Ans- Antecedent - stimulus present in environment BEFORE the behavior Behavior - anything the dog does responding to that stimulus Consequence - anything that happens to the dog as a result of that behavior Antecedent (Ans- Any stimulus present BEFORE the behavior occurs Consequences (Ans- This is what influences/drives the dog's behavior (R+) (Ans- Positive Reinforcement - a reward is added (P-) (Ans- Negative Punishment - a reward is subtracted (P+) (Ans- an aversive is added (R-) (Ans- an aversive is subtracted Aversive (Ans- Punishment, something unpleasant Example of R- (Ans- Dog on slip/choke collar - pressure is released when dog is not pulling Example of P+
(Ans- A punishment is added - dog barks inappropriately and owner whacks him with a newspaper Definition of P+ and R- (Ans- A punishment is added A punishment or aversive is subtracted Definition of P- and R+ (Ans- Something desirable is subtracted A reward is added Example of P- (Ans- Dog jumping on person. The person turns their back on the dog or leaves the room Example of R+ (Ans- dog performs a sit and is given a treat immediately after performing the behavior. This is 3 to 16 weeks of age (Ans- brain is biologically ready to make long term change in response to social input at this age when to begin vaccination program (Ans- 6 - 8 weeks of age when to start group class with pup (Ans- 1 to 2 weeks after receiving their first dose of vaccine for distemper, parvo, and adenovirus when is distemper, hepatitis, & parvo (DHP) vaccines given? (Ans- start at 6 to 8 weeks of age & give every 3 to 4 wks until 12 to 14 wks old then boostered at 1 year and repeated every 3 yrs CDS - Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome
(Ans- Dog is rewarded for every correct response. Some trainers use this for when dog is first learning the correct response. Problem with Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (Ans- You're rewarding good responses with poor responses so the dog has no motive to improve. Also difficult to phase out the food rewards. Fixed Schedules - Ratio or Interval (Ans- Dog is rewarded on a consistent basis (fixed), after a number of responses (ratio), or certain amount of time (interval). For example, after every five seconds of sit-stay (FD5) = Fixed Duration 5 seconds Problem with Fixed Schedule - Ratio or Interval (Ans- immediately after dog is rewarded, his attention decreases because he knows the next reward is sometime in the future. No good for improving quality of performance. Dog rushes through repetitions to get another reward. Behavior may "scallop". Dog may refuse to work if intervals are too long. Problem with Variable Duration Reinforcement (VD) and with Variable Ratio Reinforcement (VR) (Ans- Few people can calculate the process correctly, doesn't improve quality of performance Variable Schedules - Ratio or Interval (Ans- Dog is rewarded after unpredictable number of responses (ratio) or unpredictable length durations (interval). For example, VD5 - dog is rewarded after varying durations that average out to be 5 seconds Differential Reinforcement (DR) (Ans- Dog is given different value rewards that reflect the quality of the performance. Rewarded for precision or best examples of the behavior Proofing
(Ans- Achieving great generalization by the dog. Dog can perform the cue in the same manner in different environments, every time, all the time. Neonatal Stage (Ans- 0 to 2 weeks. Born blind, deaf, and without teeth. Unable to regulate their body temperature. Sleep about 90% of the time. Most influenced by mother. Transitional Stage (Ans- 2 to 4 weeks. Eyes open, hearing develops, puppy becomes explorer. Capable of standing. Play behavior begins to bloom. Start to eliminate on their own. Most influenced by mother & littermates. Socialization Stage (Ans- 3 to 12 weeks - critical for socialization - lasting effect on future behaviors. Learning bite inhibition. Weaning process starts. First Fear Period (Ans- 8 to 11 weeks. Shouldn't be exposed to scary events such as being shipped across the world or undergoing elective surgeries. Juvenile Period (Ans- Permanent teeth come in, short attention span, heightened exciteability. Second Fear Stage (Ans- 4 to 6 months of age CCPDT - Certification Counsel of Professional Dog Trainers (Ans- Independent certifying body whose ethics and code must be followed as a certificant Humane Hierarchy (Ans- A position statement and code of conduct to guide certificants in the dog training process and behavior modification
Targeting (Ans- Applying an object the dog has already been taught to interact with Hookworms (Ans- contracted from larvae on ground through skin or infected mother. Feed on blood in lining of small intestine. Symptoms: black, tarry feces, lethargy, anemia, pale gums. Zoonotic but don't inhabit human intestines. Migrate under skin and cause itchy, red rash that often goes away by itself. Parvovirus (Ans- Can be deadly to puppies. Symptoms: Lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea Resting pulse rate of dog greater than 50 pounds (Ans- 70 - 120 bpm Resting pulse rate of dog 25 to 50 pounds (Ans- 80 - 120 bpm Resting pulse rate of dog 10 to 25 pounds (Ans- 90 - 140 bpm Resting pulse rate of toy breeds (Ans- 100 - 160 bpm whipworms (Ans- Contracted from infected eggs. Worms live in dog's colon. Symptoms: Diarrhea with blood or mucus. Tapeworms (Ans- Contracted by fleas. Symptoms: itchy bottom, scooting, white grains of rice around anus or in feces. Considered "reactive" traits in a dog (Ans- Any behavior - fearful, aggressive, friendly - that goes beyond the behavior of a normal dog in frequency, duration, or intensity. 4 important considerations for reinforcement (Ans- Timing Criteria Rate Value
When it comes to criteria, what 3 things are most owners looking for? (Ans- Physical Response - dog performs the cue Latency of Response - how fast he performs Duration of Response - how long he'll stay in position normal body temperature for a dog (Ans- 100.2 to 102. Thomas Gordon's Active Listening Technique (Ans- Repeating in your own words what the client has told you Another term for Secondary Reinforcer (Ans- Conditioned Reinforcer Blocking (Ans- Stimulus becomes irrelevant if it is presented together with an already familiar stimulus. i.e. trying to teach commands in another language after he already knows the command in English Continuous Reinforcement (Ans- Behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. The Pros & Cons of Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (Ans- Pros: increase in rate of behavior is rapid Cons: dog responds until he's satiated another name for secondary reinforcer (Ans- Conditioned reinforcer Flehmen Response (Ans- flicking the tongue in and out of the mouth to recieve olfactory info from their environment Red cones (Ans- dogs are missing these in their eyes Puppies most commonly born with these types of worms (Ans- roundworms and hookworms The Punishment statement that IS supported by the CPDT (Ans- American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (AVSAB) Punishment statement
