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Openstax psychology Chapter 4
Alpha waves (8-12 hz) -
Type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep
Beta waves (13-30 Hz) -
Type of brain wave characteristic during wakefulness, very low amplitude and frequency of 13- 30 Hz
Biological rhythm -
Internal cycle of biological activity
Cataplexy -
Lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
Central sleep apnea -
Sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing
Circadian rhythm -
Biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
Codeine -
Opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
Cognitive-behavior therapy -
Psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors, sometimes used to treat sleep disorders like insomnia
Collective unconscious -
Theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
Consciousness -
Awareness of internal and external stimuli
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) -
Device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open
Delta waves -
Type of brain wave characteristic during stage 3 NREM sleep, high amplitude and low frequency of less than 3 Hz
Depressant - Drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Euphoric high -
Feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
Evolutionary psychology -
Discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
Hallucinogen - one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
Homeostasis - tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
Hypnosis -
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
meta-analysis -
study that combines the results of several related studies
methadone -
synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
methadone clinic -
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
methamphetamine -
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
narcolepsy -
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
night terror -
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
non-REM (NREM) sleep -
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
obstructive sleep apnea -
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
opiate/opioid -
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
parasomnia -
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
physical dependence -
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
pineal gland -
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
psychological dependence -
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep -
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) -
brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
sleep spindle -
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
sleepwalking -
A phenomenon primarily occurring in non-REM sleep in which people walk while asleep.
stage 1 sleep -
The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low- amplitude brain waves.
stage 2 sleep -
A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."
stage 3 sleep -
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
stage 4 sleep -
fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
stimulant -
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) -
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) -
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located
Theta waves (4-7 Hz) -
type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep
tolerance -
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
wakefulness -
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
withdrawl -
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
