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ONS CHEMOTHERAPY MEDS EXAM 2025 UPDATE!!
pluripotent stem cells - ANSWER Stem cells that can become almost all types of tissuesand cells in the body. (Except Embryonic)
myeloid stem cells - ANSWER Mature into RBCs, Platelets, and WBCs lymphoid stem cells - ANSWER Mature into specialized WBCs called Lymphocytes what are the types of WBCs? - ANSWER Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Granuolcytes - ANSWER basophils, Eosinophils, neutrophils"BEN is GRAN"
Agranulocytes - ANSWER T lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Monocytes Innate Immunity - ANSWER First line of defense. Nonspecific response to non-self entity. Examples: skin, mucus membrane, flora of the skin Humoral Immunity - ANSWER Specific immunity produced by B Lymphocytes andMemory B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids.
B Cells will start dividing when it comes in contact with its antigen and will beginsecreting antibodies
The pathogen will be phagocytosed by presenting cells and presented to T cells to begin
cell mediated immunity. After the threat some of the plasma cells will become memory cells and will go to thebone marrow where they will continue to secrete antibodies for years.
Cell Mediated Immunity - ANSWER Type of immunity produced by T cells that attackinfected or abnormal body cells.
Can only be activated when fragments of an antigen are put on the surface of anantigen-presenting cell
Proto-Oncogenes - ANSWER regulate normal cell growth and division. Mutated becomes Oncogene Tumor Suppressor Genes and example - ANSWER slow or stop cell growth and division P53- suicide gene, activated apoptosis when cell is damaged beyond repair. Oftenmutated in cancer cells
What are the three goals of cancer treatment? - ANSWER Cure (prolonged absence ofdisease) Control (no further growth) Palliation (shrink tumor that is causing obstruction or other symptoms) neoadjuvant therapy - ANSWER a cancer treatment that is given as the first step toshrink tumor before main treatment
adjuvant therapy - ANSWER used after the primary treatments have been completed todecrease the chance that a cancer will recur
**Hemorrhagic cystitis, always given with Mesna before and after **Neuro checks **Has to be given in central line Cysplatin (Platinol) - ANSWER Alkylating agent-Platinum based **Nephrotoxic **radiation can be done concurrently **Nausea for a week, given with Imend **can cause hearing loss Carboplatin (Paraplatin) - ANSWER alkylating agent-platinum based **Hypersensitivity reaction **harder for those > **harder on kidney function **cause neurotoxicity
**Can cause hearing loss **first 24 hours nausea Nitrosoureas - ANSWER alkylating agent that can cross the BBB **very nephrotoxic **short term kidney disease **long term pulmonary toxicity Antimetabolites - ANSWER function by blocking DNA and RNA growth *work in the S phase therefore very effective in fast growing tumors **Vidaza, Xeloda, 5 FU, Cytarabine, Dacogen, Methotrexate **can cause photosensitivity, GI toxicities, and Hand Foot and Mouth **vigorous hydration especially with high tumor burden to prevent TLS Azacitidine (Vidaza) - ANSWER Antimetabolite **IV or SC **IV can cause hypokalemia, weakness, rigors and petechiae.
Bolus can cause cerebellar toxicities Continuous can lead to pulmonary toxicities (fluid overload) Anthrayclines - ANSWER interfere with enzymes necessary for DNA to replicate **work in all phases of the cell cycle **Lifetime dose limits to prevent permanent cardiotoxicity and pulmonary fibrosis **Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Idarubicin Daunorubicin - ANSWER Anthracycline **Cardiac function tests prior **hyperuricemia Doxorubicin - ANSWER Anthracycline **Cardiac function tests prior and continuous monitoring throughout treatment **Lifetime dose not exceed 550mg/m2, 450mg/m2 if also getting cyclophosphamide **hypersensitivity risk
**Dexrazoxane is a cardiac protectant sometimes administered prior to administration **Other side effects are hepatic impairment and secondary cancer **urine changes red/orange Doxorubicin HCL Liposomal - ANSWER encapsulated in liposome in order to beprotected from being detected and destroyed by phagocytes
Epirubicin - ANSWER Anthracycline **can cause amenorrhea Idarubicin - ANSWER Anthracycline **can cause severe enterocolitis with perforation Mitomycin C - ANSWER nonanthracycline; antitumor antibiotics **vesicant **nadir occurs 8 weeks after treatment **contraindication in patients with platelet disorders Bleomycin - ANSWER Nonanthracycline;antitumor antibiotics
Extravasation of Anthracyclines - ANSWER Apply cold pack for 15 minutes prior todexrazoxane
Extravasation of Taxanes - ANSWER Apply cold pack for 15-20 minutes at least 4x a dayfor the first 24 hours
Extravasation of Vinca Alkaloids - ANSWER Apply warm pack for 15-20 minutes at least4x a day for the first 24-48 hours. Elevate extremity
