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This document offers a foundational overview of nursing, covering key historical figures like florence nightingale, core nursing values such as altruism and autonomy, and ethical considerations in practice. it also delves into the structure of the healthcare system, including various settings and the roles of different healthcare professionals. A basic framework for understanding the nursing profession and its complexities, suitable for introductory nursing courses.
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Chapter 1 – Introduction to Nursing 8/29/
Types of Ethics:
Chapter 11 – The Health Care Delivery System IOM’s Six Outcomes for a New Health System for the 21st^ Century Safe Effective Efficient Patient-centered Timely Equitable Health Care: The Big-Pictures Issues Access to health care Quality and safety- medical errors!! Affordability Primary focus is health promotion. Hospitals today focus on acute care needs of the client. Read Table 11-2 Health Care network Characteristics of a Continuously Learning Health Care System Science and informatics: real-time access to knowledge; digital capture of the care experience Patient–clinician partnerships: engaged, empowered patients Incentives: aligned for value; full transparency Continuous learning culture: leadership-instilled culture of learning; supportive system competencies
IOM’s 4-Tiered Strategy to Prevent Medical Errors Establishing a national focus to create leadership, research, tools, and protocols to enhance our knowledge about safety Identifying and learning from errors by developing a nationwide public mandatory reporting system Raising performance standards and expectations for improvements in safety through the actions of oversight organizations, professional groups, and group purchasers of health care Implementing safety systems in health care organizations to ensure safe practices Health Care Settings Hospitals-focus on acute care needs. NOT CHRONIC Primary care centers- MD’s and APN’s provide primary health care services in offices and clinics. Ambulatory care centers and clinics Home health care-provides safe coordinated care at home. Hospital at home- safe and effective hospital level care in the home Extended care- provide medical and nonmedical care for people with chronic illnesses. Ranges from days to years. Specialized care centers and settings- provide care or a specific population or group. Located in easily accessible locations within a community. Health care services for the seriously ill and dying- Respite, Hospice, Palliative Health care agencies
Chapter 24: Asepsis and Infection Control 8/30/ Components of the Infection Cycle: Infectious agent: bacteria, viruses, fungi Reservoir: natural habitat of the organism Portal of exit: point of escape for the organism Means of transmission: direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route Portal of entry: point at which organisms enter a new host Susceptible host: must overcome resistance mounted by host’s defenses Infectious Agents:
Factors Affecting an Organism’s Potential to Produce Disease Number of organisms Virulence Competence of person’s immune system Length and intimacy of contact between person and microorganism Possible Reservoirs for Microorganisms
Cardinal Signs of Acute Infection Redness (vascular, dilation of vessels) Heat (vascular, dilation of vessels) Swelling (increased blood flow and histamine) Pain Loss of function Laboratory Data Indicating Infection Elevated white blood cell count—normal is 5,000 to 10,000/mm^3 Increase in specific types of white blood cells (Box 24-1 pg. 602) Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate Presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures Elevated WBCs indicates an infection There are different types of WBCs and by looking at which ones are elevated we can tell what is going on in the body.
Performing environmental contamination of rooms Educating health care providers (and patients/families as appropriate) on clinical presentation, transmission, and epidemiology of CDI Using antimicrobials at an appropriate dose and only when indicated Measures to Reduce Incidence of Nosocomial Infections
Standard Precautions Used in the care of all hospitalized patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status Apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat (whether blood is present or visible), nonintact skin, and mucous membranes New additions are respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and directions to use a mask when performing high-risk prolonged procedures involving spinal canal punctures Transmission-Based Precautions Used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes. Don personal protective equipment (PPE) when entering the room of a patient on contact or droplet precautions. These categories recognize that a disease may have multiple routes of transmission: airborne, droplet, contact). Airborne Precautions- TB, Varicella, Measles (private room, negative pressure room, N95 mask, gown, gloves) Droplet Precautions- Rubella, Mumps, Influenza (mask, gown, gloves, private room) Contact Precautions- MRSA, C.dif (gown, gloves) Neutropenic Precautions- (private room, mask to protect patient)
Patient Teaching for Medical Asepsis at Home Wash hands before preparing or eating food. Prepare foods at high enough temperatures. Use care with cutting boards and utensils. Keep food refrigerated. Wash raw fruits and vegetables. Use pasteurized milk and fruit juices. Wash hands after using bathroom. Use individual care items. Evaluating Patient Goals Use techniques of medical asepsis. Identify health habits and lifestyle patterns promoting health. State signs and symptoms of an infection. Identify unsafe situations in the home environment.
Which of the following is the most significant and commonly found infection-causing agent in health care institutions? A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Viruses D. Mold
Which infection or disease may be spread by touching a contaminated inanimate article? A. Rabies B. Giardia C. E. coli D. Influenza During which stage of infection is the patient most contagious? A. Incubation period B. Prodromal stage C. Full stage of illness D. Convalescent period Soaps and detergents (nonantimicrobial agents) are considered adequate for routine mechanical cleansing of the hands and removal of most transient microorganisms. A. True B. False Standard precautions should be used when caring for a noninfectious, postoperative patient who is vomiting blood. A. True B. False