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Nursing Anatomy & Physiology
RED MARROW
Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system bone marrow found at the end of the long bones, also manufactures red and white blood cells. OSTEOCYTES Support and movement; the musculoskeletal system They are bone cells that produce a hard, calcium rich extracellular matrix, and are embedded in a matrix of collagen and minerals and form the skeleton of an organism. SKELETON Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a framework for the body, as well as attachment sites for muscle. Over 200 bones. AXIAL SKELETON Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system pertaining to the central part of the body, the head and trunk. APPENDICULAR SYSTEM Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system composed of 126 bones in the human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something larger. Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper limbs). JOINTS Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system is the location at which two or more bones make contact? They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally. LIGAMENTS Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone, to provide stability to joints.
TENDON
Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system the strong connective tissue cords that attach skeletal muscles to bones. CARTILAGE Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone. OSTEOARTHRITIS Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system Inflammation of the bone and joint. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. OSTEOPOROSIS Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. CARDIAC MUSCLE Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system muscle tissue found only in the heart. SMOOTH MUSCLE Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system involuntary muscle found in internal organs, muscle that forms the walls of the intestine, stomach, blood vessels, and other internal organs. has individual nucleus cells and no striations. SKELETAL MUSCLE Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system Voluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs and is attached to bones by tendons. FLEXOR Support and movement: the musculoskeletal system a muscle that bends a part of the body, such as an arm or a leg
URINARY BLADDER
A membranous sac for temporary retention of urine. URETHRA Duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct. sweat glands Glands of the skin that secrete small amounts of water to the skins surface LIVER Large organ just above the stomach that produces bile. GAMETE Sex cell, a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote. SPERM The male reproductive cell. EGG Animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes. TESTOSTERONE A potent androgenic male sex hormone produced chiefly by the testes. VAN DEFERENS During ejaculation carries the sperm from the testes to the urethra. OVARIES In animals, the female gonad, which produces egg cells. OOCYTE Immature egg cell. OVUM The female reproductive cell, female sex cell.
ZYGOTE
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. MONOPLOID Of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes. DIPLOID A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. OVULATION Process in which an egg is released from the ovary. FALLOPIAN TUBES Tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs. UTERUS Organ of the female reproductive system in which a fertilized egg can develop. ENDOMETRIUM The mucous membrane that lines the inner wall of the uterus. MENSTRUATION The shedding of the uterine lining. PENIS The male organ that transfers sperm to a female and that carries urine out of the body. SCROTUM External sac that contains the testes. TESTES Organ that produces sperm
MIDDLE EAR
The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. MALLEUS The ossicle attached to the eardrum, The first bone in the series of bones or ossicles of the middle ear. It is also called the hammer. INCUS The ossicle between the malleus and the stapes, one of the three bones of the middle ear shaped like anvil. STAPES The final bone in the series of small bones or ossicles of the middle ear. It is also called the stirrup. EUSTACHIAN TUBE A narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum. INNER EAR The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. COCHLEA A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. MECHANICAL
Digestion Part of digestion that uses movement and muscles to break down food.
CHEMICAL
Digestion the digestion process in which enzymes are used to break foods into their smaller chemical building blocks. HYDROLYSIS A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.
ENZYMES
Molecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. Anus A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body. ALIMENTARY Canal Also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the digestive tract, the alimentary canal is the long muscular "tube" that includes the mouth oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. ACCESSORY Organs in the GI tract, organs that play a role in digestion but not directly part of the alimentary canal. These include the liver, the gallbladder, the pancreas, adn the salivary glands. SURFACE AREA The ability to transport oxygen, food, and waste across cell membrane depends on, the amount of exposed surface of a substance. SALIVARY Glands three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; the parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands. AMYLASE Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches. PHARYNX Muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity, or throat, that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food. OESOPHAGUS Muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach. EPIGLOTTIS The flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
VILLI
Small finger like projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area. LARGE INTESTINE COLON Organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it. Rectum The last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminated. EGESTION Removal of undigested waste. ATRIUM Upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle. VENTRICLE A chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the arteries. ATRIOVENTRICULAR valve either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. PULMONARY Artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. DEOXYGENATED Blood that contains little oxygen (blue). OXYGENATED Blood that carries an abundant amount of oxygen. PULMONARY Vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
SYSTOLE
The contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. DIASTOLE Relaxation period, the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood. PULMONARY Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs. SYSTEMATIC Circulation flow of blood from the heart through the body back to the heart. CORONARY Circulation the flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart. BLOOD The thick red fluid that flows through the body's blood vessels and transports important substances throughout the body. PLASMA Liquid portion of blood made up of water, dissolved salts, proteins, and other substances. HAEMOGLOBIN Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells white blood cells neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, cells that help the body fight diseases and infections. PLATELETS Cell fragments that play an important part in forming blood clots. LYMPH capillaries Tiniest lymphatic vessels, drains away fluid so that it does not accumulate in the tissues of our body.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Requires oxygen, sequentially releasing energy and storing it in ATP anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid. LACTIC Acid when a muscle continues to burn sugar but doesn't have enough oxygen to do it properly and becomes sore. NEURON Nerve cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses. SODIUM Maintains cell fluids; helps nerves communicate, Na. POTASSIUM Helps build protein; maintains fluids; helps nerves communicate; helps muscles contract, K. IMPULSE The electrical discharge that travels along a nerve fibre. DENDRITE Extension of the cell body of a neuron that carries impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body. Cell Body largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm. AXON The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibbers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. AXON TERMINAL The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored. NEUROTRANSMITTER
Chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell. SYNAPSE location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell. SENSORY Neuron picks up stimuli from the internal or external environment and converts each stimulus into a nerve impulse. INTERNEURON A nerve cell that relays messages between nerve cells, especially in the brain and spinal cord. MOTOR NEURON NERVE CELL Carries messages away from the central nervous system towards the muscles and glands; efferent neuron. NERVE Any bundle of nerve fibres running to various organs and tissues of the body. CNS Central Nervous System, the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. PNS Peripheral Nervous System, the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. SOMATIC a division of the nervous system that controls voluntary muscle movements. AUTONOMIC This nervous system provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. reflex arc Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effector that are involved in a quick response to a stimulus. SPINAL
Gland the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. THYROID Gland Two lobes joined by a central mass in the throat, inferior to the larynx, produces two major hormones., produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth. PARATHYROID Gland being the thyroid gland, acts to maintain homeostasis of calcium levels in blood. ADRENAL Gland on the kidneys, fight or flight hormone, regulates water balance, blood pressure, and joint articulation, hormones: adrenaline, steroids (cortisone) ISLES OF LANGERHANS controls storage of sugar in the liver and blood level of sugar, insulin and glucagon, in the pancreas. TESTES In the scrotum, testosterone, the male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. OVARIES female gonads, estrogen and progesterone, pelvic region, female secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle.
