Download Nurs5351 Exam 1/135 Questions and Answers/2025-2026/Graded A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Nurs5351 Exam 1/ 135 Questions and Answers/2025-
2026 /Graded A+
What is the process by which excitable cells transmit information to one another? Action Potential What types of cells use the action potential? Nerve and Muscle What potassium imbalance hypopolarizes the cell? Hyperkalemia Does hypopolarization cause increased excitability of cells or decreased excitability of cells? Increased Which potassium imbalance causes hypopolarization of the cell? Hyperkalemia In which calcium imbalance is the cell more excitable? Hypocalcemia Which calcium imbalance leads to cirmumoral paresthesias? Hypocalcemia In which calcium imbalance do lethargy, confusion, and hyporeflexia occur? Hypercalcemia
Cardiomegaly is a pathologic expression of what disease? Hypertrophy Which adaptation pattern causes the endometrial lining to grow r/t excess estrogen? Hyperplasia Metaplasia of cells in esophagus; due to GERD; squamous cells changed to columnar cells Barrett's esophagus The thymus gland shrinking during childhood is a _______________ example of _________________. Physiologic;Atrophy Liver regeneration is a _______________ example of _________________. Physiologic;Hyperplasia What is the most common cause of hypoxic injury? Ishcemia Loss of hemoglobin leads to ____________ injury. Hypoxic Reperfusion injury leads to ___________ overload. Calcium
What deficiency causes Fetal alcohol syndrome? Folic Acid Cell death caused by mitochondrial dysfunction Necrosis Necrosis caused by sudden insufficiency of arterial blood flow Infarct Programmed cell death Apoptosis What type of cell death occurs during embryogenesis? Apoptosis Autodigestion of cell Autophagy What cell death is triggered when cells lack nutrition? Autophagy Loss of Cellular differentiation or ___________ occurs in _______________ cells. Anaplasia;cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma is a ______ tumor of the _________ tissue of the ___________ (organ). malignant; epithelial; liver Early, preinvasive tumor that has not broken through the basement membrane Carcinoma in Situ Sites of Metastasis: Brain and many other organs Lung Sites of Metastasis: Liver and Lungs Colorectal Sites of Metastasis: Lungs, liver, brain Testicular Sites of Metastasis: Bone (especially, __________ vertebrae), liver Prostate; lumbar Sites of Metastasis: Bones, lung, liver, brain Breast Sites of Metastasis: Lymphatics, liver, bones Head and Neck Sites of Metastasis: Peritoneal Surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver Ovarian
_______ is the protective end cap on each chromosome; maintained by the enzyme __________ which allows mature cancer cells to perform unregulated cellular division. Telomere; telomerase BRCA gene increases risk of ________ cancer in men. Prostate Constellation of symptoms ignited by a cancer triggered by release of substances from a tumor Paraneoplastic syndrome ________ is released by Carcinoid tumors, may cause flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, and tachycardia. This is known as __________ and is often the __________ sign of unknown _________. Serotonin; carcinoid syndrome; earliest; cancer a condition of wasting syndrome of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS Cachexia Concentration of the plasma Osmolality
Normal serum osmolality 275 - 295 mOsm/kg Sodium is largely responsible for maintaining the osmotic balance in the _____________, while potassium maintains the osmolality of the ___________. ECF; ICF Pulling force that pulls water into the compartment Osmotic Pressure The higher the osmolality, the _______ the osmotic pressure. higher Pushing force that pushes fluid out of compartment Hydrostatic Pressure Blood pressure is an example of __________ pressure. Hydrostatic
Aldosterone is stimulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system and stimulates renal reabsorption of _________ and excretion of ________, so that water is _____________. sodium; potassium; retained ________ are released from atria or ventricle of heart. Work opposite of the ______ (abbrev.) to __________ blood volume by promoting urinary excretion of _________ and _________. Natiuretic Hormones; RAAS; decrease; sodium; water May be used interchangeably with osmolality. Tonicity IV fluid that causes cell swelling Hypotonic __________ IV fluid causes cell shrinking by _______ the osmolality of the intravascular space. Hypertonic; increasing r/t venous obstruction such as hepatic obstruction or prolonged standing, or retention of sodium and water caused by CHF or renal failure Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
R/t decreased plasma protein production often due to liver disease or protein malnutrition Decreased Oncotic Pressure Oncotic pressure is ________ in trauma victims, hemorrhage, burns, and cirrhosis of the liver. Decreased Generalized edema is also known as Ansarca Biproduct of aerobic metabolism converted from CO Carbonic Acid Biproduct of anaerobic metbolism of glucose Lactic Acid Byproduct of the oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids Sulfuric Acid
Lungs are stimulated to increase ventilation in an effort to expel more CO2 to maintain acid base balance Shift to the left First line of defense against changes to acid base balance -- occurs in the proximal tubule of the kidney Reabsorption of Bicarbonate A deficit in the ECF results in an ________ in the reabsorption of bicarb that stimulates the _________________________ which stimulates further reabsorption. This leads to metabolic ______________ secondary to volume depletion. Treatment is volume replacement with _______________. Increase; renin-angiotensis; alkalosis; Normal Saline For every _______ that is excreted there is one bicarb reabsorbed into the blood. Hydrogen Hydrogen binds with _________ to be excreted from the __________________. HPO42-; kidneys Ammonia (N4) ________ as the urine pH _________________. This is helpful in _____________ states. Increases; decreases; acidotic
Most is excreted in the urine but the remaining is reabsorbed into the interstitial fluid of the kidney to substitute for potassium. Ammonia Pathological consequences of metabolic acidosis: _______________ myocardial contractility, __________ cardiac output, catecholamine resistant _______tension and ______kalemia Decreased; decreased; hypo; hyper Acidosis that is secondary to hypoxia Lactic Acidosis from ingestion of acids such as methanol, ethylene glycol, aspirin Keto Severe diarrhea, Type 2 renal tubular acidosis leads to loss of ____________ which leads to metabolic ___________. bicarb; acidosis Chronic Kidney disease and type 1 renal tubular acidosis cause diminished renal excretion of _________________ which leads to metabolic acidosis. Hydrogen
Most common causes of metabolic alkalosis (2) Gastric content losses or diuretic use Diarrhea from laxative abuse can lead to ____________________. Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory ____________ is caused by lungs not blowing off enough CO2. Acidosis Respiratory Acidosis s/s: ______________ blood calcium, _____________ serum potassium, vaso___________, tremors, disorientation, restlessness, muscle twitching, seizures. increased, increased, dilation Caused by respiratory depression from barbiturates, impaired respiratory muscles, obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema. Respiratory Acidosis Deficiency of PaCO2, lungs are blowing off too much CO Respiratory Alkalosis
Hypoxemia, pulmonary embolism, CHF, high altitudes, fever, gram negative sepsis, severe anemia, hepatic failure, salicylate overdose, nicotine, mechanical ventilation Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis proofreads nucleotides during DNA replication DNA polymerase 3 Types of RNA Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer RN is formed from DNA during ________________________ and requires the enzyme RNY _____________ Transcription; polymerase Process of protein synthesis Translation Messenger RNA is transcribed from ___________. Then, via, ________________, transfer RNA matches messenger RNA codons with specific amino acids to from a _________. DNA; translation; protein
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy Turner's syndrome only affects ___________. Females A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY. Klinefelter syndrome Cri du chat occurs due to this chromosomal structural abnormality Deletion Two breaks of the chromosome followed by reinsertion of the missing fragment at its original site but inverted. No physical effect but offspring may have genetic issues such as deletions or duplications Inversion exchange of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes. No physical effect but offspring may have genetic issues such as deletions or duplications Translocation
Paired gene (each gene in the pair, can be both dominant or both recessive or one of each) Allele Both alleles make up the ______________________ Genotype Two identical alleles for a trait Homozygous Two different alleles for a trait Heterozygous a gene that commonly exists as two or more alleles in a population Polymorphic Gene A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. Codominance a characteristic controlled by autosomal genes that is phenotypically exhibited in only one of the two sexes.
