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NURS5315 EXAM 2/QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
/2025-2026/GRADED A+
Hypotonic The best fluid to order in a patient with sickle cell disease who is experiencing an acute vaso-occlusive crisis is a _________________ solution Hodgkin's lymphoma Malignant transformation of lymphocytes to Reed Sternberg cells occurs in
Pneumoccoccal An adult patient with sickle cell anemia is at the greatest risk for which type of infection? IL-4; IL- 3 ________ is released in acute inflammation and _________ is released later in the inflammatory process Diapedesis Describes the adherence of white blood cells to the vascular wall and their crossing over to the site of injury
Secondary; mother Hemolytic anemia of the newborn results from a _____________ immune response mounted by the _________ Anamnestic response Upon second encounter with same pathogen immune system mounts a faster and more intense response systemic lupus erythematosus Antibody nucleic acid immune complexes are deposited throughout the body and trigger an immune response. humoral immunity specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids cell mediated immunity type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells Cell Mediated Which type of immunity is responsible for organ transplantation rejection?
IgG Most abundant antibody, primary antibody of secondary immune response, long lasting immunity, levels are elevated LATER in an infection IgG The only antibody that crosses the placenta IgE Antibody involved in response to parasitic infections and hypersensitivity reactions T cytotoxic cells CD8+ or TC cells Target cells are self carrying endogenous antigens Activated into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) CTLs recognize Ag + MHC I Induce apoptosis in target cell CTL releases perforin and granzymes NK cells Cells responsible for immune surveillance
T regulatory cells Cells that regulate the immune response to avoid attacking "self" T helper cells Cells that release signaling molecules to stimulate the immune response, a type of cytokine B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances 12 M; G; A Ig__ produced by fetus in last trimester as primary immune response. Unable to produce significant amount of Ig__. Unable to produce Ig__. Thymus; T-cell By middle age ______ has shrunk to only 15% max size resulting in decreased ____________ differentiation.
aggregation, vascular smooth muscle dilation and constriction, cell growth, protection of from acid in the stomach, and many more. chemotactic factors attract phagocytes to area of inflammation platelet activating factor Inflammatory mediator generated from a complex lipid stored in cell membranes. Affects a number of cell types, induces platelet aggregation, activates neutrophils, and is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant. neutrophils A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. Monocytes A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time complement immunity a primary mediator of the humoral immune response that enables the body to produce inflammation and help the localization of an infective agent
kinin system system activated by Hageman factor as part of the inflammatory response; includes bradykinin coagulation cascade The series of steps beginning with the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of coagulation and proceeding through the formation of a fibrin clot Arachidonic Acid Pathway produced when there is a tissue injury. arachidonic acid is metabolized to produce inflammatory mediators prostaglandins and leukotrienes Which two inflammatory mediators are produced in the arachidonic acid pathway? Celebrex (celecoxib); prostaglandins; renal; cardiac The only selective COX 2 inhibitor still available for use due to blocking of the inflammatory functions of ___________________________ and risk for _________ impairment and increase in ______________ events.
chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling, and stiffening, especially in the small joints of the hands and feet HLA-DRB1 gene Gene associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Lower Risk of rheumatoid arthritis is ____________ in women who breast feed antigen-antibody complex; damage forms when antibodies bind to antigens, seen in rheumatoid arthritis and deposited in the synovial membranes. Membranes are then flooded with TA- cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and the inflammatory process is started causing __________ damage. Alloimmunity Immune system reacts with antigens on the tissue of other genetically dissimilar members of the same species
ABO incompatibility Hemolytic disease that occurs when the mother's blood type is O and the newborn's is A, B, or AB Rh incompatibility; second a condition in which antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the child, possibly causing brain damage or death, usually impacts the ________ child. HLA Targeted response for transplant organ rejection CD4; CD Once an organ is transplanted, the HLA is presented as the antigen to _____________ and _______________ cells which triggers T-cell proliferation. Th1 cells initiate inflammation and immunity by activating macrophages
the pathogen is multiplying rapidly, invading farther and affecting the tissues at the site of colonization as well as other areas, organism specific symptoms will occur along with s/s of inflammation convalescence Last stage of infectious disease progression in which infection is contained and clinical manifestations are resolved. Communicability ability to spread from one individual to others and cause disease Immunogenicity measures the effectiveness by which an antigen elicits an immune response Infectivity ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host Pathogenicity
ability of a microorganism to cause disease Portal of entry a way for the causative agent to enter a new reservoir or host Toxigenicity ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin Virulence degree of pathogenicity endemic confined to a particular country or area epidemic A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.
Glycocalyx a bacterial capsule that is made of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars Clostridium Certain bacteria have the ability to form protective spores to survive an inactive stage such as ______________ species Gram-negative bacteria Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides. Very toxic and hard to treat. Gram-positive bacteria Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan. Endotoxins A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.
Examples of gram negative bacteria Neisseria meningitides, escherichia coli, haemophilus influenzae Exotoxins toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment, produced by gram-positive bacteria Examples of gram positive bacteria staphlococcus, enterococcus and streptococcus acid fast bacteria; months Cell walls contain mycolic acid. Includes Mycobacterium and Nocardia species which include human pathogens as M. tuberculosis and M. Leprae. Antibiotics must be given for ___________ long term antibiotic therapy treatment for TB, leprosy, and mycobacterium avium complex
HIV Pathophysiology Retrovirus - carries genetic information in RNA instead of DNA Attaches to CD4+ (T helpers) RNA enters the cells and converts its RNA to DNA in the cell, therefore the body's cells begin producing the virus This process kills the CD4+ cells and releases more infected cells dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord Where herpes virus remains dormant after first infection Viral Replication independent of the host cell's DNA but dependent on the host cell's enzymes and metabolism. viral budding the release of virions from the host cell through the cell membrane, a process which includes encasing the virion with an envelope composed of lipids from the host cell membrane
penicillin; cephalosporin Fungi are resistant to _________________ and _____________________ since their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan Dermatophytes A type of fungi that causes skin, hair, and nail infections. tinea infection of the skin caused by a fungus Tinea Cruis known as Jock itch. it is found in the groin area brownish-red lesions in groin area, pruritus, skin excoriation yeast and mold what are the two forms of fungi?
